Ethical Concepts in Research

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Questions and Answers

Which ethical concept is MOST directly related to ensuring no single group disproportionately bears the negative consequences of a particular action?

  • Justice (correct)
  • Non-maleficence
  • Beneficence
  • Integrity

A researcher decides to omit some data points from their study that do not align with the primary hypothesis. Which ethical concept does this violate?

  • Integrity (correct)
  • Non-maleficence
  • Beneficence
  • Respect

If a research study poses a risk of potential harm to participants, which ethical principle necessitates that these risks are minimized and outweighed by the potential benefits?

  • Integrity
  • Justice
  • Beneficence (correct)
  • Respect

A clinical trial is designed to evaluate a new cancer treatment. To adhere to the principle of non-maleficence, what PRIMARY consideration should researchers prioritize?

<p>Minimizing potential side effects and harm to the patients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY purpose of debriefing following a study involving deception?

<p>To ensure the participant leaves understanding the experimental aim, results, and conclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would be MOST likely to violate the ethical guideline of voluntary participation?

<p>Requiring students to participate in a study as part of their course grade. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher shares participants' responses, without removing identifying information, on a public online forum. Which ethical guideline has been violated?

<p>Confidentiality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher fails to fully inform participants about the true purpose of the study, leading them to believe it is about something different. This is an example of:

<p>Informed consent issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher conducting a study on stress levels in teachers allows participants to stop their involvement at any point without consequence. Which ethical guideline is being upheld?

<p>Withdrawal rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the concept of 'respect' extend beyond human participants in research?

<p>It involves consideration for the welfare of both human and non-human research participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN reason for having ethical guidelines such as informed consent and debriefing in psychological research?

<p>To protect the rights and well-being of the participants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation BEST exemplifies the application of the 'justice' ethical principle in research?

<p>Selecting participants randomly from a diverse population to avoid bias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher discovers an error in their published data that slightly alters the interpretation of the findings, but does not retract the paper. Which ethical principle is MOST violated?

<p>Integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following experimental designs would MOST likely require a debriefing?

<p>An experiment using deception to study decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is studying the effects of a new drug. Despite strong evidence of harmful side effects, they continue the study without informing the participants. Which principle is violated?

<p>Informed consent and non-maleficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to understand sensitive information about illegal activities. What guideline will encourage honest responses without legal repercussions?

<p>Guaranteeing confidentiality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study examines the impact of a new teaching method on student performance. How can beneficence be applied in this study?

<p>By maximizing the potential benefits of the new method while minimizing risks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ethical principle of respect influence a researcher's interaction with study participants?

<p>It compels the researcher to value the welfare, rights, beliefs, and perceptions of participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher plans to collect highly sensitive personal information from participants. What is the MOST crucial step to protect their privacy?

<p>Using a secure, encrypted database that is firewalled and regularly backed up. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study where deception is involved, which action is required during the debriefing process?

<p>Revealing the true nature and purpose of the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Justice (Ethical Concept)

Fair consideration of competing claims, ensuring no unfair burden on any group.

Respect (Ethical Concept)

Consideration for the well-being of all research participants, human and non-human.

Beneficence (Ethical Concept)

Maximizing benefits while minimizing risks and harms in any action.

Integrity (Ethical Concept)

Commitment to honest reporting of all information and results, favorable or not.

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Non-maleficence (Ethical Concept)

The principle of avoiding causing harm, ensuring benefits outweigh potential harm.

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Deception (Ethical Guideline)

Intentionally misleading participants about the study's true nature.

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Informed Consent (Ethical Guideline)

Ensuring participants understand the experiment's nature, purpose, and potential risks.

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Debriefing (Ethical Guideline)

Explaining the experiment's aim, results, and conclusions to the participant at the end.

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Confidentiality (Ethical Guideline)

Protecting the privacy and security of a participant’s personal information.

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Voluntary Participation (Ethical Guideline)

Ensuring participants freely choose to participate without coercion or pressure.

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Withdrawal Rights (Ethical Guideline)

The right to discontinue involvement in an experiment at any time without penalty.

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Study Notes

  • Ethical concepts represent moral obligations and principles that guide actions and research.

Justice

  • Justice is the moral obligation to ensure fair consideration of competing claims.
  • Justice ensures no unfair burden on any particular group from an action.

Respect

  • Respect involves consideration of the welfare of both human and non-human research participants.

Beneficence

  • Beneficence is the commitment to maximizing benefits.
  • Beneficence includes minimizing the risks and harms involved in any action.

Integrity

  • Integrity means a commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding.
  • It involves the honest reporting of all information and results.
  • This includes unfavorable results.
  • Reporting should allow scrutiny and contribute to public knowledge.

Non-maleficence

  • Non-maleficence is the principle of avoiding causing harm.
  • If harm might occur, it should not be disproportionate to the benefits.

Deception

  • Deception is intentionally misleading participants about a study's true nature.
  • These processes ensure participants understand the nature and purpose of an experiment.
  • Including all potential risks.

Debriefing

  • Debriefing is a procedure at the end of an experiment.
  • It ensures the participant understands the experimental aim.
  • It ensures the participant understands the results and conclusions.

Confidentiality

  • Confidentiality refers to the privacy, protection, and security of a participant’s personal information.

Voluntary participation

  • Voluntary participation ensures no coercion or pressure is put on the participant.
  • Participants freely choose to be involved.

Withdrawal rights

  • Participants have the right to discontinue involvement at any time.
  • This can be during, or after the conclusion of, an experiment.
  • There should be no penalty for withdrawing.

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