Podcast
Questions and Answers
What ethical approach emphasizes the importance of duty and rule-based decisions?
What ethical approach emphasizes the importance of duty and rule-based decisions?
- Virtue ethics
- Consequentialism
- Deontology (correct)
- Utilitarianism
Which ethical concern relates to the fairness of decisions made by algorithms?
Which ethical concern relates to the fairness of decisions made by algorithms?
- Transparency
- Complexity
- Bias (correct)
- Accountability
Which scenario does NOT involve ethical considerations for decision-making by algorithms?
Which scenario does NOT involve ethical considerations for decision-making by algorithms?
- Autonomous vehicles
- Predictive policing
- Credit scoring
- Weather forecasting (correct)
What fundamental question should be asked regarding decisions made by algorithms?
What fundamental question should be asked regarding decisions made by algorithms?
In the context of algorithmic decision-making, transparency refers to which aspect?
In the context of algorithmic decision-making, transparency refers to which aspect?
Which of the following is not considered a dimension to assess in algorithmic decisions?
Which of the following is not considered a dimension to assess in algorithmic decisions?
In which ethical approach are the consequences of actions the primary focus?
In which ethical approach are the consequences of actions the primary focus?
Who is typically responsible for the decisions made by algorithmic systems?
Who is typically responsible for the decisions made by algorithmic systems?
What is the false positive rate for blacks?
What is the false positive rate for blacks?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the recidivism rates of high-risk individuals?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the recidivism rates of high-risk individuals?
What can be inferred about the false negative rate for whites?
What can be inferred about the false negative rate for whites?
What defines a false negative in the context provided?
What defines a false negative in the context provided?
What is the false negative rate for blacks?
What is the false negative rate for blacks?
Which of the following best describes true positive?
Which of the following best describes true positive?
What does the algorithm's bias imply in this context?
What does the algorithm's bias imply in this context?
What percentage of whites classified as low risk may end up committing a crime?
What percentage of whites classified as low risk may end up committing a crime?
What method was used to analyze the written justifications in the study?
What method was used to analyze the written justifications in the study?
How many non-experts participated in the study's data collection?
How many non-experts participated in the study's data collection?
What were the two distinct constructs identified by laypeople regarding AI inferences?
What were the two distinct constructs identified by laypeople regarding AI inferences?
Inadvertently, which inferences did laypeople show disagreement towards in a decision-making context?
Inadvertently, which inferences did laypeople show disagreement towards in a decision-making context?
Which factors were noted as contributing to the first type of inference perceived by laypeople?
Which factors were noted as contributing to the first type of inference perceived by laypeople?
What contextual factors influenced non-experts' ethical evaluations of AI facial inferences?
What contextual factors influenced non-experts' ethical evaluations of AI facial inferences?
What is an ex ante explanation primarily concerned with?
What is an ex ante explanation primarily concerned with?
Which of the following attributes must be included in an explanation according to GDPR?
Which of the following attributes must be included in an explanation according to GDPR?
What does an ex post explanation address?
What does an ex post explanation address?
Why is transparency important in algorithmic decision-making?
Why is transparency important in algorithmic decision-making?
What must data controllers provide according to the GDPR regarding automated decision-making?
What must data controllers provide according to the GDPR regarding automated decision-making?
What is a potential consequence of interacting with a non-transparent algorithmic system?
What is a potential consequence of interacting with a non-transparent algorithmic system?
How does Facebook utilize personal data in decision-making for targeted advertisements?
How does Facebook utilize personal data in decision-making for targeted advertisements?
Which statement about the stakes in algorithmic decisions is accurate?
Which statement about the stakes in algorithmic decisions is accurate?
What factors are considered trust-enhancing for product adoption related to ethics?
What factors are considered trust-enhancing for product adoption related to ethics?
What percentage of Americans reportedly do not trust Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)?
What percentage of Americans reportedly do not trust Autonomous Vehicles (AVs)?
Which of the following best describes the role of transparency in algorithmic decision-making?
Which of the following best describes the role of transparency in algorithmic decision-making?
What is the concern surrounding the use of algorithmic decision-making in predicting recidivism risk?
What is the concern surrounding the use of algorithmic decision-making in predicting recidivism risk?
Which of the following examples demonstrates the use of algorithmic decision-making?
Which of the following examples demonstrates the use of algorithmic decision-making?
What is a major reason for employing risk assessment tools in the criminal justice system?
What is a major reason for employing risk assessment tools in the criminal justice system?
How is trust in AI technology often affected according to trust-enhancing factors?
How is trust in AI technology often affected according to trust-enhancing factors?
What key measurement is used to assess the impact of algorithmic decision-making on society?
What key measurement is used to assess the impact of algorithmic decision-making on society?
Study Notes
Announcements
- Questions on Moodle regarding exams until Wednesday noon.
- Grade bonus tasks available on Moodle.
- Announcement on Global AI Dialogue.
Recap of Ethical Approaches
- Three major approaches: Deontology (duty-based), Utilitarianism (outcome-based), Virtue ethics (moral character).
- Digital technologies present morally charged scenarios.
- Ethical preferences may vary by culture; decisions by experts could be necessary.
- Autonomous vehicles pose ethical and social dilemmas.
Focus of Lecture
- Discussion on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT) in AI and algorithmic systems.
- Autonomous vehicles examined for ethical dilemmas.
Algorithmic Decisions and Ethics
- Every algorithmic decision holds an ethical dimension, affecting areas like:
- Predictive policing and recidivism outcomes.
- Credit scoring and financial assessments.
- Employment decisions and employee success predictions.
Key Questions in Algorithmic Decision-Making
- Inquire about fairness, decision-makers, accountability, decision-making process, and transparency.
- Ethical measurements of FAT can enhance trust and product adoption.
Public Perception of Autonomous Vehicles
- 78% of Americans do not trust autonomous vehicles.
- Many Americans feel unsafe sharing the road with fully self-driving vehicles.
Prevalence of Algorithmic Decision-Making
- Common applications include employee success prediction, academic performance assessment, predictive policing, and driving outcome forecasting.
- Questions arise about the fairness, accountability, and transparency of AI systems in these contexts.
FAT: Factors for AI Trust
- Transparency is crucial for verifying fairness and accountability in decision-making.
- Lack of transparency inhibits understanding of algorithmic processes.
Case Study: Recidivism Risk Assessment Tools
- Risk assessment tools used to evaluate the likelihood of reoffending post-release.
- U.S. incarceration rates are high, disproportionately affecting African-Americans.
ProPublica's Analysis of Recidivism
- Fairness results show varying high-risk classifications between racial groups.
- Notably, the algorithm did not exhibit bias, but the dataset did.
False & True Positives/Negatives Explained
- False positives: Incorrectly identifying individuals who pose no threat as threats (44.9% for blacks vs. 23.5% for whites).
- False negatives: Misclassifying risky individuals as low-risk (28.0% for blacks vs. 47.7% for whites).
- Data controllers must provide explanations before (ex ante) and after (ex post) decisions.
Ex Ante and Ex Post Explanations
- Ex ante: Addresses system functionality but lacks rationale for specific decisions made.
- Ex post: Provides clarity on both system functionality and rationale after a decision occurs.
Transparency under GDPR
- Regulations demand meaningful information about logic behind automated decisions, and expected consequences.
AI System Interaction Challenges
- Non-transparent algorithms create difficulties in understanding decision impacts, especially in critical areas like recidivism, credit scores, and employment.
Study on AI Inferences
- Laypeople distinguish between emotional and character-based inferences from AI.
- Emphasis on contexts influencing ethical evaluations, showing agreement or disagreement towards various attributes.
Results and Implications
- Initial exploratory analysis identifies separate constructs in AI assessments.
- Ethical evaluation of AI inferences varies significantly based on context and perceived consequences of the decisions.
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Description
Explore the three major ethical approaches: Deontology, Utilitarianism, and Virtue ethics as they relate to digital technologies. This quiz will examine how these ethical frameworks apply to emerging challenges, such as autonomous vehicles, and highlight the cultural variability in ethical decision-making.
