Ethernet Networking Basics

<p>To prevent collisions by stopping transmission when a collision is detected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow devices to wait for a random amount of time before attempting to retransmit after a collision. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switches only forward frames to specific destinations based on the destination MAC address, reducing network congestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To notify all devices on the network that a collision has occurred. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switches do not modify the data packets in any way, they simply forward them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide scalable resources via the internet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple availability zones in each region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each AZ contains one or more independent data centers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It routes user requests based on real-time network conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced scalability, reliability, and global distribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encapsulates segments into packets before transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjusts packet size for optimal transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They convert incoming signals into digital packets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To update the forwarding table and compute routes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The part of the router responsible for data movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They handle the reception and transmission of data at the hardware level. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Handles error detection for input signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Routing determines the route based on source and destination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To physically connect the incoming interface to the appropriate outgoing interface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To indicate how long a packet can remain in a network before being discarded. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent data loss when the packet arrival rate exceeds the output link capacity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control the flow of data within the router's control plane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a mechanism for configuring and monitoring the router's internal operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A method for transferring data in discrete units called packets over a network. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storing the entire packet in memory for later transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arrival rate of packets exceeding the capacity of the output link. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing routing decisions and forwarding within a network (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forwarding actual packets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deciding the correct output interface for a packet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It identifies the network and host portions of an IP address (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By dividing a larger network into smaller segments using IP address ranges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The network portion of the address (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Configuration interfaces for routers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor network performance and assist in troubleshooting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first IP address in the subnet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow multiple devices in a private network to share an IP address (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To send data to all devices in the subnet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used for communication within a local network only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collection of networks under a single administrative domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Routing within a single Autonomous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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The network layer is responsible for transporting data segments across a network, from the sending host to the receiving host. It accomplishes this by encapsulating transport layer segments into datagrams on the sending side, and then delivering those segments to the transport layer on the receiving side.

The two key functions of the network layer are forwarding and routing. Forwarding is the process of moving packets from a router's input port to its output port, while routing determines the path packets should take from source to destination.

Routing algorithms are used to determine the best path for data packets to travel through a network. This involves calculating the most efficient route based on factors like bandwidth, latency, and network congestion.

The data plane, also known as the forwarding plane, is responsible for the actual movement of data packets through a network device (like a router or switch). It operates based on forwarding tables and routing rules to decide how packets should be forwarded.

Packet forwarding, a crucial function of the data plane, determines how to direct incoming data packets to the correct output port. This process relies on forwarding tables and routing rules to make decisions.

Router input ports are the interfaces where packets enter a router. These ports convert incoming signals into digital packets, handle error detection and MAC address processing, and temporarily hold packets before forwarding them to the switching fabric.

A high-speed switching fabric connects router input and output ports. Its responsibilities include efficiently transferring packets from the appropriate input port to the correct output port.

Router output ports are the interfaces from which packets exit the router to reach their destination. These ports are similar to building exits for data packets leaving the router's network.

A virtual network interface that allows a router to communicate with itself, using a special IP address for internal configuration and testing.

The component inside a router that controls the flow of data between incoming and outgoing interfaces. It is responsible for directing packets to the correct destination ports after being received through ingress ports.

A method of transmitting data packets across a network by breaking data into smaller packets and routing them independently based on their destination.

The input ports through which packets enter a router.

The output ports through which packets leave a router after being processed.

A technique used to prevent data loss when packet arrival rates exceed the output link capacity. Packets are temporarily stored in buffers until they can be processed and transmitted.

The part of a router that handles control functions, such as routing protocols and network management. It's responsible for making decisions about how packets should be forwarded.

The process of preventing packets from endlessly circulating within a network by setting a time limit for how long they can be forwarded. After this time, packets are discarded.

The process of dividing a larger network into smaller subnetworks.

The first IP address in a subnet, used to identify the subnet itself.

The last IP address in a subnet, used to send data to all devices in that subnet.

A special IP address reserved for loopback interfaces (127.0.0.1).

A collection of networks under a single administrative domain, identified by an ASN (Autonomous System Number).

The process of routing within a single Autonomous System.

The process of routing between different Autonomous Systems.

A technique used by routers to allow multiple devices in a private network to share a single public IP address.

The control plane is responsible for making routing decisions and managing forwarding within a network. It handles tasks like determining the best path for packets and configuring interfaces.

The data plane is responsible for handling the actual packet forwarding based on routing decisions made by the control plane. It focuses on efficiently moving packets across the network.

Longest prefix matching is a key algorithm used in routers to decide the correct output interface for a packet. It works by comparing the destination address in the packet header with the longest matching prefix in the router's forwarding table.

An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device on a network. It's used to communicate with other devices and allows for efficient routing of data packets.

A subnet is a logically defined portion of a network created by dividing a larger network into smaller segments. Subnets are defined by their IP address range and subnet mask, which determine the number of hosts that can exist within the subnet.

A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used to identify which portion of an IP address represents the network and which portion represents the host. It helps routers determine the destination network for a packet.

A router processor provides interfaces for network administrators to manage and monitor the router. It allows administrators to configure the router, collect performance metrics, and handle special packets.

The control plane implementation of a routing protocol involves tasks like creating forwarding tables for line cards, providing interfaces for network administrators, and collecting performance metrics.

Cloud computing is a way to deliver IT resources, such as servers, storage, and software, over the internet on demand. Users pay only for the resources they use, making it a flexible and cost-effective solution.

AWS is a cloud computing platform that provides a wide range of services, including computing, storage, networking, databases, and more. It is known for its scalability, reliability, and global reach.

AWS regions are geographically distinct locations where AWS infrastructure is deployed. Each region consists of multiple Availability Zones, which are physically isolated data centers within a region.

Availability Zones (AZs) are geographically isolated data centers within a region. Each AZ has independent power, cooling, and networking, making it highly resilient to outages.

Anycast routing uses a single IP address advertised from multiple locations. User requests are automatically routed to the most optimal data center based on network performance and other factors.

Ethernet is a network technology that uses a shared medium (like a cable) for communication between devices on the same network. It's characterized by being connectionless, meaning that devices don't establish a dedicated connection before sending data, and unreliable, meaning that there's no guarantee that data will be delivered successfully.

The Ethernet MAC protocol is responsible for managing access to the shared communication medium to avoid collisions and ensure successful data transmission. It helps prevent multiple devices from transmitting at the same time.

CSMA/CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection. It's a mechanism used in Ethernet to manage the shared medium and deal with collisions.

• Carrier Sense (CS): Before transmitting, a device listens to the medium to check if it's already in use. If busy, it waits.
• Multiple Access (MA): Multiple devices can access the shared medium, but they have to follow rules to avoid collisions.
• Collision Detection (CD): Devices can detect if their transmission collides with another device's transmission. If a collision occurs, both devices stop transmitting, send a jamming signal to alert others, and wait a random amount of time before retrying.

Binary Backoff is a strategy used in CSMA/CD to resolve collisions. When a collision occurs, both devices stop transmitting, send a jamming signal, and wait a random amount of time before trying to transmit again. This random wait time is calculated using a binary exponential backoff algorithm, which increases the duration of the wait each time a collision occurs.

Ethernet switches are intelligent link-layer devices that actively manage frame forwarding based on MAC addresses. Instead of broadcasting frames to all ports like a hub, switches forward frames to specific outgoing links based on the destination MAC address. This reduces network congestion and improves efficiency.

A switch's ability to selectively forward frames to specific ports based on MAC addresses makes it a transparent device to hosts on the network. This means that hosts are unaware of the presence of switches and operate as if they were directly connected to each other.

Ethernet switches work at the data link layer of the OSI model, meaning they manage communication between devices within the same LAN using MAC addresses. They don't need manual configuration to operate, as they learn MAC addresses automatically and use this information to forward frames.

Each switch in an Ethernet network has its own MAC address. This address is used to identify the switch itself when forwarding data packets. It's like a unique ID for each switch, making it easy to keep track of data flow within the network.