eTCO2 & Capnography in Pre-hospital Care
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Questions and Answers

What is the byproduct of Glycolysis (stage 1) in cellular metabolism?

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Sodium bicarbonate
  • Water
  • Pyruvic acid (correct)

    • Which stage of cellular metabolism produces the most ATP?

  • Krebs Cycle (stage 2)
  • Respiratory Component
  • Electron Transport Chain (stage 3) (correct)
  • Glycolysis (stage 1)

    • What is a common byproduct of Krebs Cycle (stage 2) and the Electron Transport Chain (stage 3)?

  • Carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Hydrogen ions
  • Water
  • Lactic acid

    • Which component is responsible for controlling blood levels of bicarbonate in the body?

    <p>Renal Regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Lung (pulmonary) Regulation do when CO2 blood levels rise?

    <p>Lowers pH resulting in Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expelled at the lungs via gas exchange as part of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate mechanism?

    <p>$CO_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Capnography in the pre-hospital setting?

    <p>Verifying ETT placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Waveform Capnography as stated in the passage?

    <p>Measuring arterial blood gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does End-tidal Carbon Dioxide (ETCO2) measure during exhalation?

    <p>Cellular combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Resuscitation Rule #1 state about the acid-base status of injured or ill patients?

    <p>They will be in a state of cellular acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Capnography, what does V:Q stand for?

    <p>Ventilation:Perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term "Kapnos - smoke" in relation to Capnography?

    <p>It refers to end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimal urine output for adults per hour?

    <p>20-50mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in clinical assessment?

    <p>Measure organ perfusion pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Dead Space' in ventilation primarily refer to?

    <p>Volume of air not reaching alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary content Capnography waveform represents?

    <p>Alveolar gas PCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Tidal Volume defined in respiratory physiology?

    <p>Volume of air exchanged during a deep breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of assessing Ventilation as the first priority in the ETCO2 assessment sequence?

    <p>To ensure proper oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the normal PEEP pressures typically used to keep alveoli open during the resting phase?

    <p>2-4 cmH2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which conditions might high PEEP pressures be needed?

    <p>CHF and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Capnography depend on in terms of blood circulation and perfusion of gases?

    <p>Blood circulation and perfusion of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does shock alter perfusion according to the text?

    <p>Decreases cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main process involved in Perfusion in the body as described in the text?

    <p>Blood delivery to organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diffusion primarily refer to in the context described?

    <p>Movement of gases from higher to lower concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary biomarker controlled by the kidneys for maintaining acid-base balance?

    <p>Bicarbonate (HCO3-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition poses a risk factor for developing respiratory alkalosis according to the text?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended End-tidal Carbon Dioxide (ETCO2) level during resuscitation according to the text?

    <p>&gt; 20 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation would 'Hypoxia' contribute to a condition of pseudorespiratory alkalosis?

    <p>During Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main device/tool recommended for assessing the quality of chest compressions during cardiac arrest according to the text?

    <p>Capnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a primary reduction in bicarbonate with a compensatory reduction of pCO2?

    <p>Pulmonary Embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inadequate tissue perfusion at the cellular level is associated with which of the following?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is NOT listed as a cause of decreased eTCO2 in the text?

    <p>Complete Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results in an increase in Lactate acid with an inverse relationship to eTCO2?

    <p>Severe Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation involves metabolic acidosis as a byproduct according to the text?

    <p>Severe Hemorrhagic Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with fluctuating waveform related to shock and shunting of blood?

    <p>Hypoperfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) in ventilation?

    <p>To assist with alveolar recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Capnography waveform change in the presence of shock and shunting of blood?

    <p>It shows a decreased end-tidal Carbon Dioxide (eTCO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with COPD, what is a potential complication related to diffusion?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of shock on perfusion according to the text?

    <p>Leads to hypoperfusion and pulmonary shunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition necessitates high Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) pressures?

    <p>Pulmonary emboli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Capnography depend on primarily in terms of blood circulation and perfusion?

    <p>Circulation and perfusion of gases in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of urine output in assessing patients?

    <p>Monitoring cardiac output and renal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter does Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) primarily assess?

    <p>End organ perfusion pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Dead Space' refer to in the context of ventilation?

    <p>The volume of air not participating in gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Waveform Capnography primarily represent?

    <p>Gas Exchange in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cellular metabolism produces the most ATP?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing Ventilation first in the ETCO2 assessment sequence?

    <p>To identify gas exchange abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of End-tidal Carbon Dioxide (ETCO2) assessment according to the text?

    <p>Evaluate the quality of chest compressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT listed as a risk factor for Respiratory Alkalosis according to the text?

    <p>Metabolic Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary byproduct of Glycolysis in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Lactic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter does Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) primarily assess?

    <p>Perfusion pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'Kapnos - smoke' in relation to Capnography?

    <p>Relates to the invisible nature of carbon dioxide gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of shock, what is the primary consequence of pulmonary shunting?

    <p>Worsening of tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders listed is NOT associated with a decreased end-tidal carbon dioxide (eTCO2) as per the text?

    <p>Hypertensive Crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact on bicarbonate levels in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Primary decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition leads to 'Complete Acidosis' as described in the text?

    <p>DKA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In shock and shunting, what is the primary risk factor for metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increased glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological impact of inadequate tissue perfusion at the cellular level in the context of shock?

    <p>Worsening of tissue hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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