CNS

Which of the following is a primary function of astrocytes?

Multipolar neurons are characterized by having one dendrite and one axon.

What is the primary role of interneurons within the central nervous system?

In the context of impulse transmission, increased release of a mediator at a synapse leads to ______.

Match the following glial cells with their primary function within the CNS.

Which type of glial cell myelinates axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

The afferent division of the PNS is responsible for transmitting motor commands from the CNS to muscles and glands.

What is the key function of the ganglia located within the peripheral nervous system?

The white matter of the spinal cord is characterized by the presence of ______ axons.

Match each cranial nerve with its primary function:

Which feature distinguishes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) from the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

The brainstem consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon and cerebellum.

What is the general role of the thalamus in sensory processing?

The ventral anterior and ventrolateral nuclei of the thalamus are associated with ______ functions.

Match the thalamic sensory relay nuclei with their corresponding sensory system.

Which of the following is a region within the diencephalon responsible for regulating thirst, hunger, and thermoregulation?

The cerebral cortex is primarily composed of white matter.

What is the general function of the reticular formation in regulating states of consciousness?

The alpha rhythm in an EEG is associated with a state of relaxed wakefulness and is typically replaced by faster, lower-voltage activity during EEG ______.

Match each EEG rhythm with its associated mental state:

Which brain structure is highly involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake transition?

During REM sleep, muscle tone is increased, allowing for complex movements.

What hormone, produced by the pineal gland, plays a significant role in regulating circadian rhythms?

Jet lag is an example of a disruption to the ______ rhythm, caused by rapid translocation across time zones.

Match the following types of biological rhythms with their approximate period.

Which area of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for integrating sensory and motor information and is crucial for complex sensorimotor integration?

The anterior association area(prefrontal cortex) is primarily involved in basic sensory processing.

Damage to what specific brain region results in deficits in concentration, orientation, abstracting ability, judgement, and problem solving ability?

The planum temporale, linked to language processing, is often notably larger in the ______ hemisphere, particularly in right-handed individuals.

Match the following aphasia types with their primary characteristic:

What term describes the act of being unable to recognize familiar faces, even though other aspects of visual processing and intellectual function remain intact?

Apraxia is caused by sensory loss or paralysis.

What broad category of psychological states is based on physical sensations, biological reactions, and mental awareness, commonly associated with mood and motivation?

Damage to what anatomical part of the brain can reduce complex emotional processing and organization?

Match the behavioral effects with their motivational component.

What component is NOT a consequence of addiction behavior?

Anterograde amnesia involves the loss of access to events that occurred prior to brain damage, while the ability to form new memories remains intact.

What name was given to the basic unit of functioning in the NS

Exteroceptive learning happens due to ______ stimuli.

Link learning types to their characteristics.

Who observed dogs salivating with the sound of a bell which was originally presented with a meal?

Extinction learning refers to the addition of new behaviour from an unconditioned stimulus.

Systemic Desensitization is a form of therapy based on the conditioning that addresses what psychological challenge?

Brain functions such as coding, storage and recalling of events would be best described as ______.

Match the memory types with their memory capacity and ability to retain information.

What area of the brain is primarily responsible for long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Learning is one key element to both habituation and sensitization in a subject.

Which of the following cell types are considered principal cell types of the nervous system?

Telodendria are the primary structures for receiving information in a neuron.

Which of the following is the primary function of the axon initial segment?

What structural characteristic defines bipolar neurons?

Multipolar neurons constitute approximately 50% of the neurons in the nervous system.

Which of the following functional types of neurons typically carry impulses to the CNS?

Which of the following describes divergence in neuronal connections?

In facilitation, the presynaptic neuron decreases the amount of released mediator.

Which of the following best describes recurrent inhibition?

What is the role of glial cells relative to neurons?

Supporting cells are nonessential for the survival and function of neurons.

Which type of supporting cell myelinates neurons in the central nervous system (CNS)?

What is a primary function of Astrocytes?

Astrocytes primarily electrical insulation of neurons

What is the role of astrocytes in potassium spatial buffering?

Which of the following describes the function of Schwann cells?

Match the following components of the PNS with the appropriate description of their division:

Signals are transmitted between the CNS and receptors and effectors via the ____.

All cranial nerves contain afferent fibers.

The dorsal root ganglion contains what kind of neurons?

In a spinal nerve, what type of information is carried by the ventral root?

Match the cranial nerve with its function:

The somatic nervous system (SNS) differs from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) because the SNS:

The sympathetic nervous system causes stimulatory effects on smooth muscle in the Smooth muscle (e.g., in gut), glands, cardiac muscle .

Which of the following is NOT part of the CNS?

Within the spinal cord, the butterfly-shaped area consisting of interneurons, cell bodies of efferent neurons, entering axons of afferent neurons, and glial cells is called the ____ matter.

What is the functional significance of somatotopy in white matter pathways of the spinal cord?

The primary function of the brainstem is higher-order cognitive processing.

Which part of the diencephalon is responsible for neuroendocrine control, including regulation of hunger, thirst, and body temperature?

The thalamus integrates information and regulates transfer in only simple ways.

Which thalamic nucleus is a key relay between the inferior colliculus and the primary auditory cortex?

What areas do the Lateral posterior thalamic nucleus output to?

The primary somatosensory area is located in ?

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

What is the correct order of elements in a reflex arch?

Polysynaptic reflexes are characterized by several synapses in the reflex arch.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the

Substances can cross the blood-brain barrier by following methods:

Circumventricular organs have BBB.

The brain prefers using what energetic substance:

The outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres is called

Waveforms in a EEG represent summation of the ______ potentials from a large number of neurons

An EEG recording and assessment have what two main variables:

Which type of EEG rhythms involves lower frequencies - less responsive behaviors (sleep)?

Arousal and wakefulness - defined by the content of consciousness

Reticular Formation is for motor control.

All the followings are the component of Motivation, EXCEPT

Which of the following accurately describes the function of dendrites in a neuron?

Bipolar neurons, characterized by having two processes (one dendrite and one axon), are the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.

What is the primary role of motor neurons in the nervous system?

_________ summation involves the summation of postsynaptic potentials generated at different locations on the neuron.

What is the MAIN function of recurrent inhibition in neural circuits?

Astrocytes, a type of supporting cell in the nervous system, are considered non-essential for the survival and function of neurons

What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Astrocytes help maintain a stable environment for neurons, and play an important role in the ________, preventing harmful substances from entering the brain.

Which of the following is a key function of Astrocytes regarding the concentration of $K^+$ in the extracellular fluid?

Satellite cells form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Match the cranial nerve with its associated primary function:

What is the primary function of the spinal cord's white matter?

The _________ (above the optic chiasm) governs the secretion of melatonin and is strongly activated during sleep.

Which of the following characterizes Non-REM sleep?

During REM sleep, muscle tone is markedly increased, allowing for significant physical movement.

What is the main characteristic of beta rhythms observed in EEG recordings?

_________ (loss of the ability to understand language) results in speak[ing] clearly [but] words that are put together make no sense.

Which of the following abilities is primarily associated with functions of the posterior association area?

In classical conditioning, reinforcing a behavior involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus after that behavior occurs.

Match each stage of memory with its description:

Which zone of the hypothalamus is primarily involved in complex autonomic responses and neuroendocrine control?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, located in the anterior hypothalamus, is primarily involved in regulating biological rhythms.

Name two circumventricular organs through which the hypothalamus receives signals about blood composition.

Which hypothalamic output to the autonomic nervous system (ANS) primarily regulates heart rate, vasoconstriction, digestion, and sweating?

Magnicellular neurosecretory systems, including the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, primarily produce the hormones __________ and ___________.

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary gland?

Homeostasis is maintained by the hypothalamus with a fixed set-point that never changes throughout an individual's life.

Name two effectors employed during thermoregulation mediated by the hypothalamus.

During thermal sweating, what is the primary mechanism that eccrine sweat glands use to cool the body?

In the context of fever, bacterial products stimulate leukocytes to release IL-1, which then leads to the synthesis and release of _______ into the brain, ultimately increasing the hypothalamic temperature 'set-point'.

Which hormone, produced by white adipose tissue, conveys information to the hypothalamus about the amount of energy stored in fat and suppresses appetite?

The lateral hypothalamus acts as a 'satiety center,' constantly restraining feeding and leading to weight loss when lesioned.

How does the hypothalamus integrate information about current physiological state and the set point to create a compensatory response?

Which region of the hypothalamus, when injected with orexigenic signals, leads to excessive feeding?

Regulation include body temperature, electrolyte and fluid balance,________ and _______.

Match the following hypothalamic nuclei with their primary function:

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

The somatic nervous system innervates inner organs, glands, and vessels.

Name the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system facilitates 'rest and digest' functions?

The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the ___________ system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is referred to as the ____________ system.

What is a primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

The basic functional unit of the autonomic nervous system is a voluntary, conscious reflex.

Name two neurotransmitters involved in the viscerosensitive pathway of the autonomic nervous system.

In the sympathetic nervous system, where do axons of preganglionic neurons typically synapse?

In the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic neurons release the primary neurotransmitter ________ to stimulate postganglionic neurons.

Which type of receptor mediates the production of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in autonomic ganglia by changing the permeability of the neuron's membrane?

Sweat glands are innervated by sympathetic fibers that release norepinephrine.

What are the sweat glands innervated by sympathetic cholinergic fibers called?

What is the primary effect of stimulating alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptors?

The sympathetic nervous system's effects are characterized as ----------- discharge, mobilizing the body for activity.

Which of the following effects is characteristic of parasympathetic activation?

During fight or flight Gl peristalsis is increased.

Which of the following describes M3 muscarinic receptors?

The function of the autonomic nervous system, a parasympathetic stim, bradycardia:

Match the following autonomic responses with the corresponding system:

What is a primary function of the enteric nervous system?

During blood concentration falls, hypothalamus Osmoreceptors Blood and Dehydration are high

Name the two neuronal types in the Efferent two-neuron pathway

Which of the following best describes the location of the hypothalamus in relation to other brain structures?

The lateral zone of the hypothalamus is primarily responsible for complex autonomic responses.

Which hypothalamic zone is primarily involved in regulating biologic rhythms, homeostasis, and reproduction?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives fibers from the optic nerve and is crucial for regulating ______ rhythms.

Match the circumventricular organs' function with the system or condition they monitor:

Which of the following hypothalamic outputs directly influences the sympathetic nervous system, leading to diffuse sympathetic discharge and increased adrenal medullary secretion?

Magnicellular neurosecretory systems in the hypothalamus primarily produce thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).

What is the primary method by which releasing factors from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary lobe?

The hypothalamus maintains the inner environment through its neuroendocrine role (via the pituitary gland), its influence on the ANS, and its influence on behavior via the ______ system.

Match the hypothalamic nucleus with its primary function:

Which area of the brain contains neurons that are considered heat-losing and heat-promoting centers?

Vasomotor responses, such as vasoconstriction and vasodilation, are ineffective at maintaining body temperature when the ambient temperature is significantly higher than body temperature.

What type of sweat glands primarily respond to sympathetic cholinergic stimulation?

During a fever, bacterial products stimulate leukocytes to release IL-1, which leads to the synthesis and release of ______ in the brain, elevating the hypothalamic temperature 'set-point'.

Match the afferent mechanism with food intake regulation

Which of the following best describes the function of the ventromedial nucleus in relation to appetite?

Leptin deficiency in animals typically leads to a decrease in body weight due to increased food intake.

What type of autonomic nervous system fibers innervate eccrine sweat glands?

In the sympathetic nervous system, a mass discharge results in increased blood flow to active muscles and ______ blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys.

Match the statement with either sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system.

Which type of neuron directly innervates skeletal muscles, enabling voluntary movement?

Involuntary posture-regulating movements are categorized as motor activity according to will.

Which structure plays a vital role in selecting movement goals and strategy?

The relaxation of skeletal muscles is caused by the _______ of motor neurons.

Match the motor neuron types with their functions:

Which of the following describes the motor neuron arrangement in the spinal cord according to the proximal-distal rule?

Propriospinal neurons form direct connections with afferent neurons exclusively.

What is the primary function of propriospinal neurons?

La inhibitory interneurons are involved in the stretch reflex through _______ inhibition.

Which of the following best defines the function of Renshaw cells?

Match the brainstem motor nuclei to their location:

Which feature is NOT a key aspect in categorizing motor pathways?

The vestibulospinal tract is part of the dorsolateral motor system.

Which tract is responsible for the control of skilled movements of the contralateral limbs?

The corticobulbar tract originates in the pyramidal cells of the primary motor cortex and terminates in the _______.

What is the main function of the rubrospinal tract?

In the ventromedial motor system, the rubrospinal tract is responsible for posture and balance

Central motor neuron (MN) terminals that make monosynaptic connections with motor neurons are associated with which of the following?

A lesion in peripheral motor neurons leads to an inability of the muscle to _______.

Following an injury to a peripheral motor neuron's axon, which of the following cells promotes axon regrowth by providing a surface for the axon to grow along within the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Match the term with the definition:

Which of the following terms defines the absence of reflexes?

Responses after spinal shock disappears involve sexual reflexes

In the context of reflex activity, what term is used to describe a normal response?

_______ reflexes are crucial for protection of the organism against harmful influences as well as reflexes causing muscle spasm.

Following a painful stimulus to one leg, what response occurs in the opposite leg during the crossed extensor reflex?

A polysynaptic reflex only has one synapse

What results from noxious plantar stimulation or tactile stimulation of the perianal skin following a spinal cord transection?

Clinical examination of _______ reflexes is used to assess the integrity of the spinal cord and the corresponding reflex arcs.

For the patellar reflex, where should the neurological hammer be aimed?

Match the component of the reflex arc their description.

What is the main function of the brain stem in motor control?

Muscle spindles increases muscle tone which inhibits gravity.

What is a motor consequence of decerebrate rigidity?

_______ muscles adjust subtle changes to help maintain balance.

Match the location with the correct definition

What is a known component of the cerebrallar cortex?

What part of the cerbellum is important to motor learing?

Damage to what part of the cerebellum can cause wide stances?

What is a main action of the Basal Ganglia?

Athetosis would be a disorder of the subthalamic nc.

In the role of the prefontal cortex what decisions are converted to action?

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

Motor skills are solely determined by the activity of inner organs and glands.

Which of the following describes a voluntary motor activity?

Relay station of motor programs is the ______

Match the following motor system components with their respective functions:

What is the role of the motor cortex in controlling body movement?

In the control of voluntary movement, what is the function of central motor neurons?

Peripheral motor neurons can directly relax muscles.

What is the function of gamma motor neurons?

Which motor neuron pool is responsible for controlling trunk posture and balance?

According to the proximal-distal rule, motoneurons for proximal muscles are located laterally in the spinal cord.

What is the function of propriospinal neurons?

Inhibitory interneurons that receive input from Ia afferents of muscle spindles are called ______ interneurons

Match the following spinal interneurons with their primary input:

Where are alpha motor neurons that control muscles of the head and face localized?

The corticobulbar tract controls movements of extremities.

Which motor pathway is responsible for posture and balance?

Which of the following is a feature of the lateral corticospinal tract?

Majority (90%) of central MNs terminate on ______

The only kind of input that goes to gamma motor neurons is direct input.

What is the main consequence of peripheral motor neuron lesion?

Following injury of peripheral MNs, axons have higher chance for regeneration in PNS or CNS?

A reflex arc always involves the brain directly.

Match the component of the reflex arc with its action:

Where do the sensory and motor components of a proprioceptive reflex occur?

What is the function of mechanicaly-gated ion channels?

The primary endings in muscle spindles sends signal to the spinal cord with the help of ______ afferents.

In a myotatic reflex, muscle contraction occurs in response to the shortening of that muscle.

What is the main mechanism by which muscle spasms occur as a result of spinal cord reflexes?

What is the main function of inverse myotatic reflex?

After spinal cord transection above the limb segments, the crossed extensor reflex results in:

All of the following are examples of exteroceptive reflexes, EXCEPT:

Lesions to the spinal cord at segments L2-L4 will affect which of the following reflexes?

The function of alpha-gamma coactivation is:

Where is the spinal intermediate zone located?

The term Areflexia describes long term excitiation of spinal reflexes.

Which of the following is NOT included in the postural regulation by the motor parts of the brain stem?

Which stimulus causes magnet reaction?

The flocculonodular lobe is ontogenetically first.

As a function, what role does the motor cortex serve?

Which of the following is a primary function of the somatic nervous system?

Skeletal muscles are innervated by the efferent portion of the autonomic nervous system.

What type of efferent neurons directly stimulate muscle contraction?

The type of movement that is purposeful and goal-directed is known as __________ movement.

Match the classes of movement with their respective descriptions:

At which level of the neural system organization does most of the activating motor signals reach the spinal cord?

What anatomical structure houses the motor neuron pool which contains all the motor neurons that innervate a single muscle?

The two types of motor neurons are alpha and __________ motor neurons.

Match the motor neuron pool to the body area it controls:

According to the proximal-distal rule, motoneurons for distal muscles are located where in relation to the spinal cord?

Propriospinal neurons only transmit information from the periphery to motor neurons.

In what spinal cord laminae are propriospinal neurons located?

Ia inhibitory interneurons primarily mediate the principle of __________ inhibition, essential for coordinating agonist and antagonist muscles.

Match the type of spinal interneuron with its function:

Peripheral motor neurons of the brainstem exist in two longitudinal columns; what are they?

The corticobulbar tract controls voluntary movement of the limbs

The vestibulospinal tract, which is part of the ventromedial motor system, is primarily involved in the control of __________ and balance.

Match the motor system's tracts with where the spinal projection ends: