Essentials of Nutrition: Malnutrition, Calorie Calculation, and Dietary Planning
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for overnutrition?

  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Diet high in carbohydrates (correct)
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Major depression

    • What is the primary cause of malnutrition?

  • Inadequate absorption
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Inadequate intake (correct)
  • Inadequate utilization

    • Which condition is associated with undernutrition?

  • Hypothyroidism
  • Binge eating
  • Cystic fibrosis (correct)
  • Type 2 Diabetes

    • What is the primary aim of calculating Adjusted Body Weight (AdjBW)?

    <p>To calculate medication dosages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is NOT listed as a chronic disease associated with overnutrition?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing detailed patient history in relation to nutrition status?

    <p>To identify potential sources of malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is used to compare individuals' size, weight, and proportions?

    <p>Body mass index (BMI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT a risk factor for overnutrition?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Harris Benedict equation calculate?

    <p>Caloric requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a risk factor for undernutrition?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation is used to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI)?

    <p>BMI = weight in kilograms / height in meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is used to assess abdominal (visceral) fat?

    <p>Waist Circumference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal body weight (IBW) equation for males?

    <p>IBW = 50 kg + (2.3 x inches over 5 feet)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Adjusted Body Weight (AdjBW) equation?

    <p>AdjBW = IBW + 0.4 x (TBW − IBW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation is used to calculate Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) for females?

    <p>$REE = 655.1 + 9.6 \times \text{(weight in kg)} + 1.85 \times \text{(height in cm)} - 4.68 \times \text{(age in years)}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NFPE stand for in the context of Lab Values Assessment?

    <p>Nutrition Focused Physical Examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does REE stand for when calculating Total Daily Energy Expenditure?

    <p>Resting Energy Expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommended daily alcohol limits for females and males?

    <p>Females ≤1 drink/day, Males ≤2 drinks/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the macronutrient distribution for a diet comprised of 45% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 40% fat?

    <p>45% carbohydrates, 15% protein, 40% fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate grams of protein based on the daily energy expenditure?

    <p>Grams of protein = Kcal of protein / 4 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the energy sources for macronutrients?

    <p>Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Total Daily Energy Expenditure calculated?

    <p>Total Daily Energy Expenditure = REE x activity factor x stress factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrates are digested quickly and lead to rapid blood glucose changes?

    <p>Simple carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fats have one or more double bonds and can be subclassified as trans, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated?

    <p>Monounsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to general dietary goals, which type of carbohydrates are preferred over simple carbohydrates?

    <p>Complex carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the dietary goals related to protein intake?

    <p>Lean meats low in fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic disease management, what is the recommended fat preference over other types of fats?

    <p>Unsaturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fats have single bonds between all carbons and are solid at room temperature?

    <p>Saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended weekly goal for moderate-intensity exercise?

    <p>150 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is considered a sedentary behavior?

    <p>Sitting and watching TV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of unsaturated fats in relation to common chronic diseases?

    <p>Protect against chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended sodium intake for a DASH Diet?

    <p>2300 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary factor has a direct, positive relationship with blood pressure?

    <p>Sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of fluid restriction for patients with heart failure?

    <p>No more than 2 liters/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supplement derived from vitamin B3 can reduce LDL-C and triglycerides while increasing HDL-C?

    <p>Niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exercise type is associated with an average reduction of 5-8 mmHg in blood pressure?

    <p>Aerobic exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended weight loss percentage for overweight or obese patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

    <p>≥5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended daily sodium intake for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

    <p>No specific recommendation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of weighing every day for patients with heart failure?

    <p>To record daily weight fluctuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>Fatty fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum daily intake for nutritive sweeteners in terms of total daily calories for individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Less than 5% of total daily calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary technique is considered best for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and individuals using insulin?

    <p>Basic Carbohydrate Counting Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What possible effect does lack of food consumption have on individuals with diabetes who are on insulin?

    <p>Blood glucose (BG) may decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure should individuals on sulfonylureas or insulins take before exercise if their blood glucose (BG) is less than 90 mg/dL?

    <p>Measure BG and eat a light, healthy snack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary recommendation should individuals with gout follow to prevent gout flares?

    <p>Avoid red meats and alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of consuming excessive amounts of nutritive sweeteners in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Increased risk of dental carries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rule of 15' is used for the treatment of which condition?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Sick Day Management' is recommended for individuals with which condition?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of vitamin K-containing foods on individuals taking warfarin?

    <p>Increases risk of blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary recommendation should individuals on warfarin follow to maintain INR consistency?

    <p>Avoid leafy green vegetables and multivitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of dietary recommendations for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

    <p>Limit dietary protein and sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary decision may trigger certain diseases or worsen medication side effects according to the text?

    <p>Consuming excessive nutritive sweeteners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?

    <p>Simple carbohydrates lead to rapid blood glucose changes, while complex carbohydrates lead to steady blood glucose changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of saturated fats?

    <p>They are solid at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary dietary goal for protein intake?

    <p>Prefer lean meats low in fat over fatty meats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of coordinating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) medications with food?

    <p>To avoid hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended as the primary source of protein?

    <p>Lean meats low in fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) manage their protein intake?

    <p>Limit protein intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended weekly goal for moderate-intensity exercise?

    <p>150 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended sodium intake for a DASH Diet?

    <p>2300 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which supplement derived from vitamin B3 can reduce LDL-C and triglycerides while increasing HDL-C?

    <p>Niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure should individuals on sulfonylureas or insulins take before exercise if their blood glucose (BG) is less than 90 mg/dL?

    <p>Consume a high-carbohydrate snack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of fluid restriction for patients with heart failure?

    <p>Maximum 2 liters/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ASCVD in the context of cardiovascular disease?

    <p>Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DASH Diet acronym stand for?

    <p>Dietary Approach to Stopping Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

    <p>A progressive condition involving loss of kidney function over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing detailed patient history in relation to nutrition status?

    <p>To identify conditions or factors affecting the patient's nutrition status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unsaturated fats' primary role in relation to common chronic diseases?

    <p>They protect against common chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of dietary recommendations for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

    <p>Limit dietary protein and sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum daily intake for nutritive sweeteners in terms of total daily calories for individuals with diabetes?

    <p>≤25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary technique is considered best for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and individuals using insulin?

    <p>Basic Carbohydrate Counting Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of consuming excessive amounts of nutritive sweeteners in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Increased risk of dental carries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Rule of 15' is used for the treatment of which condition?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of dietary goals related to protein intake?

    <p>Limit dietary protein for specific conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the energy sources for macronutrients?

    <p>Carbohydrates, fats, proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NFPE stand for in the context of Lab Values Assessment?

    <p>Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of malnutrition?

    <p>Low caloric intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current percentage of adult obesity in the United States?

    <p>41.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population group in the United States is expected to have the highest percentage of obesity by 2030?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population group in the United States currently has the highest percentage of obesity?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected percentage of adult obesity in the United States by 2030?

    <p>50.0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the additional annual cost attributed to adult obesity in the United States?

    <p>$1,861/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group currently has the highest percentage of obesity in the United States?

    <p>60+ years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication requires storage in the refrigerator when unopened?

    <p>Saxenda (liraglutide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evaluation strategy for discontinuing Wegovy (semaglutide)?

    <p>Discontinue if 5% weight loss not achieved within 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of consuming excessive amounts of nutritive sweeteners in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weight percentage loss is a criterion for discontinuing Liraglutide (Saxenda)?

    <p>5% at 12 weeks of max tolerated dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class has numerous agents that may cause weight gain?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of dietary goals related to protein intake?

    <p>Supporting muscle growth and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgery type bypasses a portion of the intestine to limit nutrient absorption?

    <p>Biliopancreatic Diversion + Duodenal Switch Bypass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of weight gain according to the text?

    <p>Inadequate food supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is mentioned as a common appetite stimulator in the text?

    <p>Ghrelin (in the gut)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is specifically linked to weight loss benefits according to the text?

    <p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential annual additional cost associated with metabolic syndrome according to the text?

    <p>$2,200/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate reduction in triglycerides associated with a 3 kg (6.6 lbs) weight loss according to the text?

    <p>15 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline focuses on treatment based on BMI according to the text?

    <p>2013 AHA/ACC/TOS NHLBI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diet style is recommended by trained practitioners in a medical care setting due to its potential for complications according to the text?

    <p>Very Low Calorie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger of low-carb diet in patients with diabetes, as stated in the text?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Very low calorie" diet style is associated with which potential complication as per the text?

    <p>&quot;Nutrient deficiencies&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary style is considered dangerous in patients with chronic kidney disease according to the text?

    <p>High Protein Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in adipose tissue cause in obesity according to the text?

    <p>Increase in plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily calorie intake generally for men to achieve weight loss?

    <p>1500-1800 kcal/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is associated with an increased risk of colorectal, pancreatic, and lung cancers?

    <p>Belviq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action (MOA) of sympathomimetics for weight loss?

    <p>Reduces appetite by increasing release of NE in the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug combination has a boxed warning for not being approved to treat depression and may increase the risk of suicidality in kids & young adults <24 years-old?

    <p>Contrave (bupropion/naltrexone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipase inhibitors like Orlistat (Alli, Xenical) for weight loss?

    <p>Inhibits dietary fat absorption by inhibiting digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug combination requires caution due to its potential to lower seizure threshold and unmask tics?

    <p>Qsymia (phentermine/topiramate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect associated with Incretin Mimetics for weight loss?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with consuming excessive amounts of nutritive sweeteners in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dietary factors has a direct, positive relationship with blood pressure?

    <p>High cholesterol intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for individuals with diabetes consuming excessive amounts of nutritive sweeteners?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

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