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Questions and Answers
Where should the end of the search line be tied when using the wide-area search method?
Where should the end of the search line be tied when using the wide-area search method?
- At a point directly adjacent to the RIC unit
- About 10 feet (3 m) outside the entry point to the search area (correct)
- At the entrance to each room
- At the entrance of the structure
What is the purpose of tying knots along the search line when using the wide-area search method?
What is the purpose of tying knots along the search line when using the wide-area search method?
- To attach to anchor points inside of the search area
- To indicate distance to the entrance (correct)
- To attach hand tools during the search
- To make it easier to hold onto the line
In what type of situation would the VEIS (Vent, Enter, Isolate, Search) method likely be used?
In what type of situation would the VEIS (Vent, Enter, Isolate, Search) method likely be used?
- The structure is fully involved and operations must shift to defensive mode
- The entire structure needs to be searched quickly
- A room on the ground floor must be searched but can only be accessed from the exterior (correct)
- The search team must clear several similar rooms as they work from an interior hallway
When using the VEIS method, the second firefighter:
When using the VEIS method, the second firefighter:
What would be a reason for having victims shelter in place during a structure fire?
What would be a reason for having victims shelter in place during a structure fire?
Injured victims should not be moved until they have been assessed and treated, unless:
Injured victims should not be moved until they have been assessed and treated, unless:
Which type of victim carry or drag requires two rescuers?
Which type of victim carry or drag requires two rescuers?
You should call for a MAYDAY whenever:
You should call for a MAYDAY whenever:
When MAYDAY is broadcast, what action must immediately be taken?
When MAYDAY is broadcast, what action must immediately be taken?
When the Incident Commander gives an order for all personnel to exit the structure:
When the Incident Commander gives an order for all personnel to exit the structure:
What is an immediate action to improve survivability that can buy you more time to escape or improve your situation?
What is an immediate action to improve survivability that can buy you more time to escape or improve your situation?
What would typically be an action that you would take when escaping to a safe haven?
What would typically be an action that you would take when escaping to a safe haven?
Which statement about using hoseline couplings to find your way out of structure is correct?
Which statement about using hoseline couplings to find your way out of structure is correct?
When crawling rather than walking through the area while smoke is dense and low, you:
When crawling rather than walking through the area while smoke is dense and low, you:
When searching for an exit in heavy smoke conditions, you should locate a wall, crawl along it, and:
When searching for an exit in heavy smoke conditions, you should locate a wall, crawl along it, and:
Breaching an interior wall while searching for a safe haven will:
Breaching an interior wall while searching for a safe haven will:
What statement about breaching interior walls while looking for a safe haven is true?
What statement about breaching interior walls while looking for a safe haven is true?
A rapid intervention crew (RIC) consists of:
A rapid intervention crew (RIC) consists of:
Mandatory RIC equipment can be described using the acronym:
Mandatory RIC equipment can be described using the acronym:
After receiving a MAYDAY transmission, why might the Incident Commander order a brief shutdown of all pumps, generators, and fans?
After receiving a MAYDAY transmission, why might the Incident Commander order a brief shutdown of all pumps, generators, and fans?
What BEST describes the capabilities of digital radio transceivers that help locate lost or disoriented firefighters?
What BEST describes the capabilities of digital radio transceivers that help locate lost or disoriented firefighters?
What actions should you NEVER take after locating a downed firefighter inside a structure?
What actions should you NEVER take after locating a downed firefighter inside a structure?
What is a basic skill of fire fighting that is also an essential survival technique during search and rescue operations?
What is a basic skill of fire fighting that is also an essential survival technique during search and rescue operations?
To prepare yourself for survival during rapid fire development or structural collapse, knowing your personal physical limitations will help you:
To prepare yourself for survival during rapid fire development or structural collapse, knowing your personal physical limitations will help you:
Disorientation, fear, and claustrophobia are:
Disorientation, fear, and claustrophobia are:
What should you do to overcome psychological effects of obscured vision conditions?
What should you do to overcome psychological effects of obscured vision conditions?
What would generally be considered a MAYDAY situation?
What would generally be considered a MAYDAY situation?
What BEST describes the process of determining tenability of interior fire environments?
What BEST describes the process of determining tenability of interior fire environments?
When identifying safe havens during search and rescue operations, firefighters should identify areas:
When identifying safe havens during search and rescue operations, firefighters should identify areas:
What is NOT a key principle of air management during structural search and rescue operations?
What is NOT a key principle of air management during structural search and rescue operations?
When using SCBA, your point of no return is based on:
When using SCBA, your point of no return is based on:
An air cylinder's rated operating time is:
An air cylinder's rated operating time is:
Knowing how to react in an air emergency requires effective air management, which includes:
Knowing how to react in an air emergency requires effective air management, which includes:
What action should you take if you are lost and sheltering in place during interior fire fighting operations?
What action should you take if you are lost and sheltering in place during interior fire fighting operations?
During what type of incident would firefighters likely perform air monitoring?
During what type of incident would firefighters likely perform air monitoring?
What would NOT be a typical reason for conducting air monitoring?
What would NOT be a typical reason for conducting air monitoring?
How can the instrument reaction time of an air monitor affect the safety of firefighters?
How can the instrument reaction time of an air monitor affect the safety of firefighters?
Which statement about oxygen-enriched atmospheres is true?
Which statement about oxygen-enriched atmospheres is true?
If an air monitor determines that the atmosphere is 20.7% oxygen, the:
If an air monitor determines that the atmosphere is 20.7% oxygen, the:
An atmosphere containing a flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower explosive limit (LEL) is considered:
An atmosphere containing a flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower explosive limit (LEL) is considered:
What do most combustible gas indicators (CGIs) measure?
What do most combustible gas indicators (CGIs) measure?
When using an air monitor, which resource can responders use to find the safe exposure limits of a particular toxic material?
When using an air monitor, which resource can responders use to find the safe exposure limits of a particular toxic material?
Often the only clue to the presence of a gas other than what the air monitor is designed for is:
Often the only clue to the presence of a gas other than what the air monitor is designed for is:
Before an incident, a gas monitor is typically calibrated by using:
Before an incident, a gas monitor is typically calibrated by using:
Once at the incident, the firefighter responsible for air monitoring should perform a:
Once at the incident, the firefighter responsible for air monitoring should perform a:
What is a step in staying safe during air monitoring operations?
What is a step in staying safe during air monitoring operations?
What are action levels in the context of performing air monitoring?
What are action levels in the context of performing air monitoring?
When preparing yourself to search an area that is immediately dangerous to life and health, it is NOT important for:
When preparing yourself to search an area that is immediately dangerous to life and health, it is NOT important for:
To conduct an effective structural search, firefighters must:
To conduct an effective structural search, firefighters must:
To learn the layout of buildings in the community in preparation for search and rescue, it is ideal to tour _______ while they are under construction.
To learn the layout of buildings in the community in preparation for search and rescue, it is ideal to tour _______ while they are under construction.
How should firefighters estimate the floor plans of structures in their response area?
How should firefighters estimate the floor plans of structures in their response area?
What is an advantage of using a thermal imager for a structural search?
What is an advantage of using a thermal imager for a structural search?
What is a limitation of using a thermal imager for a structural search?
What is a limitation of using a thermal imager for a structural search?
What is a safety guideline for conducting searches in a structural fire?
What is a safety guideline for conducting searches in a structural fire?
What is a safety guideline for conducting searches in a structural fire?
What is a safety guideline for conducting searches in a structural fire?
What must be a priority before any search?
What must be a priority before any search?
What is a general guideline for marking rooms that have been searched?
What is a general guideline for marking rooms that have been searched?
What is the purpose of a primary search?
What is the purpose of a primary search?
What describes a secondary search conducted during a structure fire?
What describes a secondary search conducted during a structure fire?
If your officer tells you to begin a left-hand primary search of the interior, you should:
If your officer tells you to begin a left-hand primary search of the interior, you should:
When searching the fire floor, where should you search first?
When searching the fire floor, where should you search first?
What is the preferred method of performing a search in minimal smoke and heat?
What is the preferred method of performing a search in minimal smoke and heat?
If you are crawling up stairs during search and rescue operations:
If you are crawling up stairs during search and rescue operations:
It is particularly important to always check behind doors and on the floor below the windows during primary search because:
It is particularly important to always check behind doors and on the floor below the windows during primary search because:
What BEST describes the steps for conducting a primary search within a room?
What BEST describes the steps for conducting a primary search within a room?
Keeping doors and windows open while conducting primary searches:
Keeping doors and windows open while conducting primary searches:
What is the oriented-search method used in primary search?
What is the oriented-search method used in primary search?
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Study Notes
Search and Rescue Fundamentals
- Forcible entry is a crucial skill in firefighting and essential for escape during search and rescue.
- Physical awareness of limitations aids in managing stress levels and air consumption during rapid fire development.
Psychological Responses
- Disorientation, fear, and claustrophobia stem from obscured vision and can impair performance in high-pressure situations.
- Maintaining contact with partners helps mitigate psychological effects of reduced visibility.
Emergency Situations
- A MAYDAY situation typically occurs when a firefighter loses contact with a hoseline or search line.
- The tenor of a fire environment determines tenability; if unsafe for unprotected victims, it's also unsafe for firefighters in full PPE.
Air Management
- Key principles include recognizing the point of no return and constant air level awareness.
- Calmly determining a cause in an air emergency is essential for effective air management.
Shelter Actions
- If lost during firefighting, moving to an uninvolved room and closing the door is the best course of action.
Air Monitoring
- Search and rescue calls without fire present may require air monitoring for toxic gas levels.
- Conduct air monitoring to identify hazards and establish appropriate response levels.
Equipment Calibration
- Calibration of gas monitors should use known calibration gas for accuracy.
- Perform a fresh-air calibration before entering a contaminated atmosphere.
Safety Protocols
- It's critical to check behind doors and under windows during primary searches to ensure thorough victim location.
- Communicating with dispatch and remaining aware of entry and exit points are vital for safety.
Search Techniques
- Primary searches focus on quickly determining victim locations.
- Secondary searches are more thorough and systematic, conducted after securing fire control.
Search Strategies
- When instructed to perform a left-hand primary search, keep the left side of the structure in contact while searching.
- The largest enclosed area near the fire should be prioritized during searches.
Utilizing Technology
- Thermal imagers identify hotspots and potentially trapped victims.
- Limitations include difficulties detecting lower floor fires if carpets mask heat signatures.
Priority Procedures
- Locating and isolating the fire is the first priority before conducting any search operations.
- Mark rooms that have been searched to avoid double-checking, using distinct indicators for clarity.
VEIS Method
- The VEIS technique is effective for searching spaces requiring outside access.
- A second firefighter should ensure the door remains closed while the first firefighter conducts the search.
Victim Safety
- Sometimes, sheltering in place is safer for victims than fleeing a structure filled with smoke.### Victim Handling and Safety Protocols
- Injured victims should remain in place until assessed and treated unless there is imminent danger or more victims than rescuers.
- Confusion or lack of awareness in victims may necessitate moving them; additional personnel can assist in rescues.
Types of Victim Carries
- The Extremities carry is the only method that requires the assistance of two rescuers.
MAYDAY Protocol
- A MAYDAY call is required when life is in immediate danger or a critical victim is discovered during a search.
- Upon broadcasting a MAYDAY, all radio traffic unrelated to the situation must stop, and all fire control activities should be paused.
Evacuation Signals
- Incident Commanders' orders to exit structures must be treated with urgency, similar to a MAYDAY; accountability reports from all units are required.
Actions to Improve Survivability
- Utilizing a hose stream for protection is a crucial immediate action that can enhance chances of survival during dangerous situations.
Safe Haven Strategies
- Following a hoseline back to the entrance is a recommended action when escaping to safety.
Hoseline Couplings
- The male coupling is located on the water source side of a hoseline and lacks lugs on its shank, aiding in identifying the direction.
Crawling in Smoke Environments
- Crawling through smoke can improve temporary visibility and contribute to cooler body conditions compared to crouching.
Method for Searching Exits
- When seeking exits in smoke, keep hands on the wall while sweeping the floor ahead with one hand to identify potential hazards.
Breaching Walls
- Breaching an interior wall may require additional strength and can complicate escape, but allows for movement to a safer location.
Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC)
- A RIC consists of at least two firefighters ready to rescue trapped colleagues, emphasizing teamwork in emergencies.
RIC Equipment Acronym
- AWARE is the acronym for mandatory Rapid Intervention Crew equipment, crucial for effective operations during rescues.
Incident Commander Actions
- After a MAYDAY, the Incident Commander may temporarily shut down pumps or generators to improve communication and minimize distractions, enabling the tracking of downed firefighters’ PASS devices.
Digital Radio Transceivers
- Digital tracking devices are effective in locating lost or disoriented firefighters, as their low-frequency signals are not obstructed by physical barriers.
Critical Don’ts After Locating Downed Firefighters
- Never remove your facepiece to share air with a downed firefighter, as this jeopardizes safety; other safety measures include maintaining the PASS device functionality.
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