Clin Med Unit 3 Essential Tremor and Parkinson Disease

In relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), what is the typical pattern of disease progression?

Which type of multiple sclerosis is characterized by a gradual neurological deterioration from the onset of the disease, without distinct relapses or remissions?

A patient initially diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) begins to experience a steady worsening of their symptoms, independent of relapses. This progression indicates a transition to which form of MS?

Which of the following best describes progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS)?

How does age of onset typically differ between relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and primary-progressive MS (PPMS)?

Which of the following statements accurately compares the relapse patterns in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary-progressive MS (SPMS)?

To differentiate between RRMS and PPMS, what key aspect of the patient's initial disease presentation would be most informative?

A patient with MS experiences an acute worsening of symptoms (relapse). After several weeks, the symptoms improve, but some residual deficits persist, representing an incomplete recovery. Which type of MS is MOST likely?

In a patient with a long-standing diagnosis of RRMS, what clinical finding would MOST strongly suggest a transition to secondary progressive MS?

A researcher is studying different MS subtypes. They want to identify patients whose disease is characterized by progression from onset, with occasional plateaus or temporary minor improvements, but without distinct relapses or remissions. Which subtype is the researcher most likely studying?

A patient newly diagnosed with MS is being educated about their disease course. Which statement accurately describes the prognosis of Primary Progressive MS (PPMS) compared to Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS)?

A patient with MS experiences a series of acute exacerbations with partial recovery after each. However, from the onset, there has been a clear and steady worsening of their overall function independent of the relapses. Which type of MS does this MOST likely represent?

Which of the MS subtypes benefit MOST from therapies designed to reduce the frequency and severity of acute relapses?

A patient with MS is described as having "inflammatory" disease activity. Which MS subtypes are MOST likely to have this characteristic?

A 55-year-old patient presents with steadily worsening leg weakness and gait unsteadiness over the past two years. They deny any distinct relapses or remissions. MRI shows spinal cord lesions but few brain lesions. What type of MS is most likely?

An accurate prognosis for a patient with MS requires differentiating between disease courses. Progression independent of relapse is a defining feature of which MS subtypes?

Disease modifying therapies (DMTs) aim to change the natural course of MS by preventing or delaying the progression of the disease. A patient with which MS subtype would be LEAST likely to benefit from a DMT?

A 40-year-old patient has been diagnosed with RRMS for the past 10 years. Over the last year, they've noticed a gradual increase in their baseline fatigue and leg weakness, even between relapses. What is the MOST likely explanation?

After an MS relapse that affected the brainstem, a patient has residual diplopia and imbalance. Six months later, what indicates whether they are still in the relapsing-remitting phase or have transitioned to secondary progressive?

Compared to RRMS, which statement is MOST accurate regarding diagnostic findings or clinical course of primary progressive.

A clinical trial is enrolling patients with progressive forms of MS to test a new neuroprotective agent. Which patient would MOST likely qualify for enrollment?

After many years a majority of patients with RRMS eventually transition to which subtype of MS?

Which disease course will most closely resemble primary progressive MS?

Which disease course is marked by clear relapses with full recovery and little disease progression for more than 10 years?

Which characteristic dictates the change from RRMS to secondary progressive?

Which disease progress has to have the presence of relapses?

A patient is diagnosed with Primary Progressive MS (PPMS). Which of the following signs or symptoms, if present, would be MOST unexpected and warrant reconsideration of the diagnosis?

Compared to patients with RRMS, individuals with PPMS are LESS likely to exhibit which of the following?

After 15 years of well-controlled RRMS, a patient begins to experience steadily increasing fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and balance problems, without acute relapses. This clinical change suggests:

Which of the following is the MOST important factor for prognostication when initially counseling a patient newly diagnosed with MS?

While all MS subtypes involve demyelination and axonal damage, what is the PRIMARY distinguishing factor that separates Primary Progressive MS (PPMS) from the other forms of the disease?

A neurologist is evaluating a patient with suspected MS. Which historical factor would MOST strongly suggest the diagnosis of Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS)?

Distinguishing between MS subtypes influences management decisions. For which subtype are medications targeting acute relapses considered LEAST effective?

In progressive relapsing MS which is most correct?

Which criteria is not part of the diagnosis for MS?

Which disease course does not include any relapses?

A MRI is done on a patient, what part of the MRI will show an amount of lesions and show high signal intensity?

Which sign or symptom is from plaques in sensory pathways?

What is the hallmark of Huntington's Disease?

What structure of the brain is affected in Huntington's disease?

What electrolyte should you check for in Restless Leg Syndrome?

In MS, which disease course involves initial relapses with recovery, but then transitions to a phase of steady neurological decline without distinct relapses?

A patient is diagnosed with MS and presents with a continuous decline in neurological function from the onset, with no distinct relapses. What is the most likely subtype?

Which MS subtype is characterized by a progressive course from onset, but also includes distinct relapses along the way?

A patient with MS experiences new neurological symptoms that resolve completely within a few weeks. However, they have occurred multiple times in the past year. What is the MOST likely form of the disease at this stage?

Which of the following findings would be MOST suggestive of primary progressive MS (PPMS) rather than relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)?

Which of the following is the MOST critical factor in differentiating secondary progressive MS (SPMS) from relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)?

An individual previously diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) is now experiencing a consistent increase in disability, even between relapses. What is the MOST likely explanation?

In a patient with RRMS, what clinical sign or symptom most suggests the disease has transitioned to SPMS?

A researcher is investigating new treatments for progressive MS. Which patient group would be MOST suitable for a clinical trial focusing on neuroprotective strategies?

A patient with MS has a disease course characterized by distinct relapses with partial recovery. Over the last few years their baseline function has worsen independent of relapse, what form of MS does this MOST likely represent?

Essential tremors are not present when?

What is a common medication treatment for Essential Tremor?

Which of the following are key symptoms of Parkinson's disease? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following describes a key aspect of Parkinson's pathology?

What is the first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease?

What are COMT inhibitors?

What are the key hallmarks of Huntington's Disease? (Select all that apply)

Huntington's Disease is what type of dominant inheritance?

What is the primary pathology associated with Huntington Disease?

Huntington's disease results in the expansion of which of the following?

Which of the following statements about the pathology of Huntington Disease is correct?

Which of the following is a common treatment for Huntington Disease?

What is a key difference between Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease?

What is the pathology of restless leg syndrome?

Which of the following treatments are commonly used for Restless Leg Syndrome? (Select all that apply)

What cells are destroyed in Multiple Sclerosis?

A patient that presents with what optic issue should be considered for MS?

What is Lhermitte's sign?

What distinguishes relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis from secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?

Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) requires which of the following?

What is the primary treatment for primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)?