Essential Oils and Floral Products Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method used to obtain floral concretes?

  • Fermentation
  • Distillation under reduced pressure (correct)
  • Hydrolysis
  • Cold pressing
  • Floral absolutes are less expensive and less pure than floral concretes.

    False

    What are the products obtained from the hydrolysis of glycosides?

    Volatile aglycones

    The process of obtaining floral absolutes involves repeated extraction with __________ to remove most oxygenated constituents.

    <p>absolute alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps with their corresponding processes:

    <p>Step 1 = Extraction of oxygenated constituents Step 2 = Chilling and decantation Step 3 = Separation of volatiles Step 4 = Distillation under reduced pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volatile oil compound is associated with the plant Gaultheria?

    <p>Methyl salicylate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The qualitative analysis of volatile oils involves measuring their quantity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in quantitative analysis of volatile oils?

    <p>Clavenger’s apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrolytic enzyme for bitter almond is called _____ .

    <p>Emulsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their respective non-volatile glycosides:

    <p>Gaultheria = Gaultherin Black Mustard seeds = Sinigrin Vanilla pods = Glucovanillin Bitter almond = Amygdalin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are volatile oils primarily composed of?

    <p>Hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volatile oils are water-soluble and can be easily mixed with water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method of preparation for volatile oils.

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volatile oils can darken in color when exposed to __________.

    <p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a method used for preparing volatile oils?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following volatile oil preparation methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Water-distillation method = Plant material in direct contact with boiling water Water and steam distillation = Plant material supported on a screen, in contact with steam Direct steam distillation = Steam introduced through a coil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volatile oils can consist of a single main component.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT affect the selection of the method for preparing volatile oils?

    <p>Color of the oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred material for packing in distillation of oxygenated compounds?

    <p>Stainless steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sponge method involves filtering oil collected from squeezed peels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between non-volatile and volatile solvent extraction methods?

    <p>The nature of the solvent used during extraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the expression methods, the ______ method is based on puncturing the surface of fruits to exude oil.

    <p>scarification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following expression methods to their descriptions:

    <p>Sponge Method = Squeezing peels between projections and a sponge to collect oil Scarification Method = Puncturing fruit surfaces for oil exudation Machine Processes = Using machinery to extract oil from whole fruits Expression of Rasping = Grating peel, collecting and pressing it in bags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about water distillation?

    <p>It uses steam and water together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heat sensitive oils are primarily extracted from inner fruit layers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of squeezing oil from the outer peels of fruits is known as ______.

    <p>expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mixture of fats is used to prevent melting during the extraction process?

    <p>2:1 lard and tallow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enfleurage process involves soaking flowers in hot oil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product after the enfleurage process is scraped and filtered?

    <p>Enfleurage product or floral pomade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the maceration method, flowers are soaked in __________ to rupture their cell membranes.

    <p>hot oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the extraction methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Enfleurage = Layering flowers between fat on glass plates Maceration = Soaking flowers in hot oil Soxhlet extraction = Continuous hot extraction at controlled temperature Solvent extraction = Using solvents to isolate volatile oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in selecting a volatile solvent for extraction?

    <p>Non-toxicity and non-flammability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boiling point of the selected solvent should be as high as possible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method involves the use of a Soxhlet apparatus?

    <p>Soxhlet extraction method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Volatile Oils: Definition

    • Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds
    • Varying chemical compositions
    • Easily evaporate at ordinary temperatures
    • Also known as ethereal oils or essential oils
    • Used therapeutically, for flavoring, and perfuming
    • Starting materials for semi-synthesizing other compounds

    Volatile Oils: Combined with

    • Sugars forming the aglycone part of certain glycosides
    • Gums, resins, or both to form oleo-gums, oleoresins, or oleo-gum-resins

    Physical Properties

    • Volatile liquids
    • Pleasant smells
    • Steam-distilled (e.g., fixed oils)
    • Immiscible with water but soluble enough to impart a distinct fragrance to water (aromatic waters)
    • Soluble in common organic solvents and lipids (liposoluble)
    • May darken in color when exposed to light (due to oxidation and resinification)

    Chemical Composition

    • Complex mixtures of constituents
    • Hydrocarbons
    • Oxygenated compounds (e.g., alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, oxides, phenols, esters)
    • Some oils consist of one main component (e.g., volatile oil of mustard (93% allylisothiocyanate), oil of clove (85% eugenol))

    Methods of Preparation: Factors Affecting Selection

    • Plant material condition (dry or fresh)
    • Degree of comminution (intact, crushed, or powdered)
    • Oil localization in the plant (superficial or deep)
    • Amount of oil
    • Nature of constituents

    Methods of Preparation

    • Distillation
    • Expression
    • Extraction
    • Enzymatic hydrolysis

    Distillation Methods

    • Water distillation method: Dry plant material directly contacts boiling water (e.g., turpentine oil)
    • Water and steam distillation: Plant material (dry or fresh) is supported on a perforated screen, with water below the screen, only steam contacts the material (e.g., cinnamon, cloves)
    • Direct steam distillation: No water in the still; steam is introduced through a steam coil (e.g., peppermint, spearmint)

    Precautions in Handling Plant Material

    • Crush plant material just before distillation to prevent loss through volatilization
    • Dried plant material subjected to saturated steam distillation should be wet before packing
    • Even packing/charging to facilitate "hydro diffusion"
    • Use stainless steel for oxygenated compounds (avoid iron)

    Different Types of Distillation Apparatus

    • Diagrams of water distillation, water & steam distillation, direct steam distillation

    Expression Methods:

    • Mechanical procedures at room temperature
    • Used for heat-sensitive oils present in large amounts in fruit peels (e.g., Citrus fruits, orange, lemon).
    • Methods: Sponge method, Expression of rasping, Scarification method, Machine processes

    Extraction Methods:

    • Used for delicate flowers oils (e.g., jasmine, violet, narcissus)
    • Contains small amounts of oils easily lost in large volumes of distillation water
    • Oils that decompose with heat
    • Methods include non-volatile and volatile solvent extraction

    Non-Volatile Solvent Extraction

    • Used for preparing natural flower oils (e.g., perfumes)
    • Based on the liposolubility of fragrant plant components
    • Uses highly pure lipids (e.g., fats such as lard and tallow—a 2:1 mixture to avoid melting; fixed oils such as olive oil)
    • Methods: Enfleurage Process - a method using glass plates, fat layers, and flowers to extract oils, followed by scraping and cooling to yield a floral pomade product

    Volatile Solvent Extraction

    • Select solvents based on selectivity, stability, boiling points, volatility, and safety (non-toxic, non-flammable) like absolute alcohol to prepare concretes & absolutes
    • Uses the Soxhlet apparatus (details shown pictorially) for hot extraction at constant temperatures

    Preparation of "Floral Concretes":

    1. Extraction by percolation/maceration at room temperature or continuous hot extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus at a constant temp (no over 50°C). 2.Removal of the solvent by distillation under reduced pressure. 3."Floral concrete" of jasmine is a semi-solid yellowish-orange product. 4."Floral concrete" consists of fragrant constituents with liposoluble impurities (e.g., fats, waxes, pigments).

    Preparation of "Floral Absolutes":

    • More expensive & purified products compared to concretes.
    • Repeated extraction with absolute alcohol to extract oxygenated constituents.
    • Followed by chilling and decantation to remove waxes and fat-soluble pigments.
    • Resulting absolutes are richer in oxygenated constituents that yield the characteristic odor.
    • Used at lower concentrations than concretes in perfume industry.

    Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glycosides

    • Many glycosides yield volatile aglycones upon hydrolysis
    • Enzymes used in plants for hydrolysis of glycosides
    • Aglycones belong to different classes. Procedure steps for enzymatic hydrolysis.

    Determination of Volatile Oil: Quantitative Analysis

    • Evaluates plant species quality and raw material suitability for commercial preparation to differentiate genuine from adulterated oil
    • Uses Clavenger’s apparatus (pictured) for analysis

    Determination of Volatile Oil: Qualitative Analysis

    • Odor analysis: Abnormal odor implies adulteration/deterioration
    • Solubility analysis: Solubility in different alcohol strengths (e.g., varied percentage ethyl alcohol solutions)
    • Optical rotation analysis: Rotations of polarized light, using a polarimeter, show activity of chemical products
    • Chemical tests: chemical tests of isolated plant volatile oils to determine functional groups present

    Chemistry of Volatile Oils

    • Single-component oils (e.g., benzaldehyde, methyl salicylate)
    • Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons known as terpenes and related oxygenated compounds
    • Definition of terpenes: natural products with formulas divisible into isoprene units, with a "head-to-tail" arrangement (isoprene rule)
    • Classification of terpene types (e.g., monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes) shown visually (tables)

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the extraction methods and characteristics of floral concretes and volatile oils. This quiz covers various processes, compounds, and qualitative analyses related to essential oils in plants. Perfect for students of botany and aromatherapy enthusiasts!

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