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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate percentage of patients with hypertension that have no singular identifiable cause for their elevated blood pressure?
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for developing hypertension?
What is the primary hemodynamic feature of essential hypertension?
Which of the following is a common cause of secondary hypertension?
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What is the primary underlying etiology for primary (essential) hypertension?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an inherited cardiovascular risk factor associated with primary hypertension?
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What is the primary target organ that is typically damaged in essential hypertension?
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Which of the following is not a common symptom associated with the organ damage caused by essential hypertension?
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What is the primary physiological mechanism by which the kidneys contribute to the development of essential hypertension?
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Which class of antihypertensive medications is considered first-line therapy for the treatment of essential hypertension?
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Which of the following is a common side effect associated with the use of diuretics in the treatment of essential hypertension?
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What is the most likely cause of a sudden and severe increase in blood pressure in a patient with essential hypertension?
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Which of the following is a key factor in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension?
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What is the primary mechanism by which the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to essential hypertension?
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Which structural change in the vasculature is associated with essential hypertension?
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What is the proposed mechanism for the central reset of aortic baroreflexes in essential hypertension?
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Which of the following is a potential trigger for increased sympathetic nervous system activity in essential hypertension?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of adrenergic receptors in essential hypertension?
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Study Notes
Hypertension Risk Factors
- Older age (especially >65 years) increases the risk of developing hypertension
- Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for hypertension
- Family history of hypertension is a risk factor
- African American race is a risk factor for hypertension
- Diabetes is a risk factor for hypertension
- Physical inactivity is a risk factor for hypertension
- Increased salt consumption is a risk factor for hypertension
Hypertension Etiologic Classification
- Primary hypertension (essential hypertension): no singular identifiable cause, accounts for 90-95% of cases
- Secondary hypertension: attributable to another cause, accounts for 5-10% of cases
Primary Hypertension
- Also known as essential hypertension
- Results from complex interactions between multiple genetic and environmental influences
- Genetic predisposition: mutations in at least 10 genes (polymorphism and gene mutations)
- Inherited cardiovascular risk factors: hypercholesterolemia, DM type II, obesity, microalbuminuria, hyperuricemia, and hypercoagulability
Secondary Hypertension
- Caused by another underlying condition or disease
- Examples: renovascular, glomerulonephritis, CKI, polycystic kidney disease, renal artery stenosis, and renin-secreting tumors
Pathophysiology
- Persistent increase in peripheral vascular resistance resulting in wall thickening or functional vasoconstriction
- Increased sympathetic nervous system tone and vasoconstriction
- Imbalance of the vasopressor and vasodilator systems
- Increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Symptoms and Complications
- Asymptomatic for years, earning it the nickname "silent killer"
- Symptoms may appear when damage to organs occurs
- Complications include:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure
- Stroke and dementia
- Nephrosclerosis and kidney failure
- Retinopathy and vision loss
- Systemic blood vessel damage and atherosclerosis
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, focusing on factors involved in blood pressure control, evolution of symptoms, and associated risks. Explore key concepts from sources like Netter's Cardiology and Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
