Essential Hypertension and Vascular Changes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of hypertension on the left ventricle?

  • Decreased heart weight
  • Increased wall thickness (correct)
  • Decreased chamber size
  • Reduced contractility
  • Which type of arteriolosclerosis is associated with malignant hypertension?

  • Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
  • Rosette arteriolosclerosis
  • Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (correct)
  • Atherosclerotic arteriolosclerosis
  • What histological feature is associated with hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?

  • Fibrosis
  • Onion-skinning (correct)
  • Calcification
  • Lipid deposits
  • In which condition can hyaline arteriolosclerosis be commonly observed?

    <p>Benign hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atherosclerosis primarily associated with?

    <p>Inflammatory response in intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What largely contributes to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension?

    <p>Altered relationship between cardiac output and peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic factor is primarily responsible for early-stage essential hypertension?

    <p>Defect in renal sodium homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of reduced renal sodium excretion in essential hypertension?

    <p>Increased fluid volume leading to elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with the structural abnormality in vascular smooth muscle contributing to hypertension?

    <p>Increased peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liddle syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Increased sodium reabsorption leading to hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological mechanism contributes to functional vasoconstriction in essential hypertension?

    <p>Increased sympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to increased peripheral resistance in essential hypertension?

    <p>Decreased blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does sodium reabsorption correlate with in Liddle syndrome?

    <p>Loss of potassium leading to hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key initiating event in the development of hypertension?

    <p>Reduced renal sodium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as a powerful vasodilator and helps reduce blood pressure?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Decreases sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily associated with prolonged untreated hypertension affecting the heart?

    <p>Left ventricular cardiac hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of hypertension affecting the eyes?

    <p>Hypertensive retinopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hypertension, which of the following correctly describes the effect of aldosterone?

    <p>Increases sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on the adrenal gland?

    <p>Reduces aldosterone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs can be damaged due to hypertension?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypertension?

    <p>A sustained diastolic pressure more than 90 mm Hg or a sustained systolic pressure exceeding 140 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases of hypertension is classified as primary or essential?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with hypertension?

    <p>Liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is at an increased risk for developing hypertension?

    <p>Men and postmenopausal women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to secondary hypertension?

    <p>Cushing syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle factor is NOT considered a risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>High physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of essential hypertension?

    <p>The mechanisms are largely unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common risk factor for hypertension related to diet?

    <p>High sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

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