ESR and Hb Content Estimation

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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for bleeding time?

10-12 minutes

3-5 minutes (correct)

6-8 minutes

1-2 minutes

Which of the following conditions can lead to prolonged bleeding time?

Vitamin K deficiency

Hemophilia A

Liver disease

Scurvy (correct)

What is the purpose of the capillary tube in measuring clotting time?

To sterilize the specimen

To fill with blood by capillarity (correct)

To regulate temperature of the sample

To measure blood volume

What is a common cause of prolonged clotting time?

Vitamin K deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the main protein implicated in Von Willebrand disease?

Von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions results from the deficiency of factor VIII?

Hemophilia A Signup and view all the answers

Why is surgical operation delayed in newborn infants?

Insufficient vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural duration for clotting time to occur?

4-8 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the total contraction time for mammalian muscle?

0.05 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by a small diameter and high myoglobin content?

Type I fibers Signup and view all the answers

How does warming affect muscle contraction?

Increases amplitude and decreases duration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adaptation of Type IIB muscle fibers?

Quick explosive movements Signup and view all the answers

What effect does extended cooling have on muscle contraction?

Increases contraction duration Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for Type I muscle fibers?

Many capillaries for blood supply Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with fatigue in muscles?

Temporary decrease in force of contraction Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle contraction at excessive heating levels above 45 degrees Celsius?

No contraction occurs due to heat coagulation Signup and view all the answers

What type of stimulus leads to a weak contraction through the response of most excitable fibers?

Threshold stimulus Signup and view all the answers

How does a supramaximal stimulus compare to a maximal stimulus?

It is identical to maximal stimulus in fiber response Signup and view all the answers

Which type of contraction occurs without any change in muscle length?

Isometric contraction Signup and view all the answers

In an isotonic contraction, which of the following occurs?

Muscle shortens while lifting weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the latent period in isotonic contraction?

0.01 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a characteristic of isometric contractions?

Requires more energy than isotonic Signup and view all the answers

What defines a simple muscle twitch?

A brief contraction followed by relaxation Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT involved in determining the strength of muscle contraction?

Speed of muscle fiber contraction Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes muscular fatigue during high-intensity activity?

Accumulation of lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatigue is linked to the depletion of acetylcholine at the motor end plate?

Neuromuscular fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stimulus duration and muscle fatigue?

Higher intensities lead to rapid fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological system is NOT mentioned as contributing to muscle fatigue?

Immune system Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the timing of two successive stimuli have on muscle contraction?

Timing affects the strength of the second contraction Signup and view all the answers

During which type of fatigue does the central nervous system fail to adequately activate motor neurons?

Central psychological fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What role do cardiovascular systems play in combating muscle fatigue?

Supply muscles with oxygen and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about muscle fatigue is correct?

Fatigue can result from both indirect and direct muscle stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What role does von Willebrand factor (VWF) play in hemostasis?

It aids in platelet adhesion to blood vessel endothelium. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of VWF deficiency?

Excess bleeding similar to hemophilia. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bleeding occurs in patients with purpura?

Spontaneous bleeding. Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is bleeding time expected to be prolonged?

Purpura due to thrombocytopenia. Signup and view all the answers

What does prothrombin time (PT) measure?

The time needed for blood to clot after adding tissue thromboplastin. Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to a prolonged PT result?

Vitamin K deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is measured by PT?

Factors I, II, V, VII, X. Signup and view all the answers

How is hemophilia inherited?

X-linked recessive inheritance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of bilirubin deposition in the brain?

Kernicterus Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the sensitization of an Rh-negative female?

Pregnancy with an Rh-positive child Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can occur if fetal red blood cells escape into maternal circulation?

Erythroblastosis fetalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering anti-Rh antibodies to an Rh-negative female after delivery?

To prevent the formation of Rh antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of blood group O in transfusion?

Is considered a universal donor Signup and view all the answers

What describes autologous transfusion?

Transfusion of one's own collected blood Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group serves as the universal recipient?

Group AB Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of agglutination during a blood transfusion?

Clumping and hemolysis of RBCs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

ESR measures the rate of red blood cell (RBC) sedimentation in a blood column.
The experiment measures the vertical distance or the height of the plasma column above the settled RBCs.
Electrostatic forces between plasma proteins (fibrinogen and globulin) and RBCs affect sedimentation.
Elevated ESR is seen in several conditions including chronic inflammatory disorders. These proteins disrupt electrostatic forces, impacting RBC sedimentation rate.
Normal values vary by sex (males: 4-6 mm/hr, females: 6-10 mm/hr).
Anticoagulants used include sodium or potassium citrate (3.4%, blood to anticoagulant ratio is 1:4) in the Westergren method and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in the Wintrobe method.

Estimation of Hb Content (Sahli's Method)

Sahli apparatus, used for Hb content estimation in blood samples. It's a manual device.
The method involves using hydrochloric acid, a comparator, and a calibrated hemoglobin tube
Materials include a comparator with a standard opaque white glass backdrop, Sahli's pipette, 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and a graduated hemoglobin tube.
The procedure involves filling the tube with 0.1N hydrochloric acid up to the 5g% mark. A 20µL blood sample is added, mixed, and compared to a standard mini tube for 5 minutes.
The blood sample is diluted and compared with colored controls to determine Hb content.

H.V (Hematocrit Value), PCV (Packed Cell Volume) & Blood Indices

Hematocrit is the percentage ratio of red blood cells (RBCs) to the total blood volume.
The experiment involves filling a heparinized capillary tube with blood, closing one end, and centrifuging it at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes
The percentage of RBCs is then calculated from the calibrated scale.
Normal values vary by gender and age

Blood Indices

Hematocrit: percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in total blood volume.
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): average volume of a single red blood cell (80-90 fL)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): average amount of hemoglobin present in a single red blood cell (25-32 pg).
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell (32-38 g/dL)
Color Index (CI): ratio of hemoglobin percentage to red blood cell percentage (0.9-1.1)

Blood Grouping

Blood grouping involves identifying antigens on red blood cells (RBCs): A, B, and O.
There are 2 types of antigens present on RBCs: Antigen A and Antigen B.
Blood groups are classified as A, B, AB, and O.
Agglutinogens are glycolipids found on RBCs, and are specific to a blood type
Agglutinins are antibodies that recognize different antigens

RH Factor

Rh factor is an antigen found on RBCs.
Six variations are known: C, D, E, c, d, and e.
Rh+ve individuals have D antigen; Rh-ve dont.
The most common variation is D antigen.
Rh antibodies are immunoglobulin G and are likely to cause problems during pregnancy or transfusion.

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A serious condition in a fetus resulting from incompatibility between maternal and fetal Rh blood types.
The mother is Rh−, and the fetus is Rh+, potentially leading to hemolysis of the fetal RBCs
Sensitization occurs when Rh− mothers receive Rh+ blood, eliciting an immune response. The subsequent delivery of an Rh+ baby may see effects.

Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood from one individual to another
Universal donor type is O.
Universal recipient type is AB.
Crossmatching is an important pre-transfusion test. Blood compatibility between the donor and recipient is crucial.

Hemostasis (Bleeding Time and Clotting Time)

Hemostasis is the process that stops bleeding from blood vessels.
Bleeding time measures the time from injury to a small blood vessel till bleeding stops.
Clotting time measures the time it takes for blood to clot after addition of a clotting factor or an activator.

Vitamin K Deficiency

Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting.
Deficiency may be caused by obstructive jaundice, newly born infants lacking intestinal bacterial flora, prolonged antibiotic use, or liver disease.

Von Willebrand Disease

A bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of Von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a protein vital for platelet adhesion and factor VIII stability

Clinical Importance of Electromyography (EMG)

EMG measures the electrical activity of muscles during activity and rest.
Clinically, EMG is utilized in diagnosing muscle disorders, evaluating the extent of paralysis, and examining the electrical activity of motor units. Electrodes are either metal disks on the skin or hypodermic needles inserted into the muscle itself to measure electrical potential at rest and during activity.

Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue
This is due to antibodies attacking acetylcholine receptors on muscles, reducing the transmission of signals crucial for muscle contraction.

Osmolarity

Isotonic solution: same concentration as plasma.
Hypertonic solution: higher concentration than plasma.
Hypotonic solution: lower concentration than plasma.
RBC placement in different tonicities results in no change, swelling, or shrinking respectively.

Isotonic Solutions (0.9% NaCl and 5% Glucose)

0.9% NaCl: expands extracellular fluid (ECF); used in cases of salt depletion and to maintain ECF volume.
5% Glucose: used for rehydration and to replenish body water. Overhydration can occur.

1.8% Urea Solution

Urea is a small molecule and diffuses across a semipermeable membrane in the solution. This causes water movement as well resulting in swelling and hemolysis of RBCs.

Other Factors Affecting Muscle Contraction and Fatigue

Temperature: muscle temperature affects contraction speed and strength.
Muscle type: different types of muscle fibers have different properties.
Fatigue: muscle fatigue occurs due to causes including lactic acid accumulation, energy stores depletion, neuromuscular fatigue, and central nervous system fatigue. These factors influence the time to complete muscle contractions and the strength during contractions.

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Description

This quiz covers the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and the estimation of hemoglobin content using Sahli's method. You'll explore the principles, methods, and factors influencing these hematological tests. Test your understanding of how ESR is affected by various conditions and the usage of specific apparatus in hemoglobin estimation.