Esophagus and Stomach Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the stomach and some parts of the intestines?

  • Inferior mesenteric artery
  • Celiac trunk (correct)
  • Splenic artery
  • Common hepatic artery

    • A jejunostomy involves externalizing the jejunum to the anterior abdominal wall.

    True

    What is the anatomical term for the loops and arcades formed by artery connections in the intestines?

    Vasa recta

    A __________ involves the surgical creation of an opening to the colon.

    <p>colostomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following surgical procedures with their description:

    <p>Gastrostomy = Externalization of the stomach Jejunostomy = Externalization of the jejunum Ileostomy = Externalization of the ileum Colostomy = Externalization of the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery provides blood supply to the abdominal portion of the esophagus?

    <p>Left gastric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Z-line marks the transition between stratified squamous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium in the esophagus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the diaphragmatic musculature surrounding the esophagus?

    <p>to act as the inferior esophageal sphincter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ hernia is characterized by the cardia remaining in place while the fundic portion of the stomach is involved.

    <p>para-esophageal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with decreased tone of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of hernias with their description:

    <p>Para-esophageal hernia = Cardia remains in place; contains fundic portion Sliding esophageal hernia = Involves abdominal esophagus, cardia, and fundic portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barrett's esophagus is a possible consequence of peptic ulcers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The esophageal plexus is formed by the anterior and posterior __________ trunks.

    <p>vagal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of ulcers are found in the first part of the duodenum or stomach?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic ulcers only affect the mucosal layer of the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stomach?

    <p>Food blender and reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The greater curvature of the stomach is associated with the greater ______.

    <p>omentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the stomach is located above and to the left of the cardia?

    <p>Fundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the stomach with their descriptions:

    <p>Cardia = Esophagogastric junction Fundus = Upper portion that may contain air Body = Major portion of the stomach Pyloric canal = Narrower portion of pyloric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gastric folds are known as rugae.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three layers of the stomach musculature?

    <p>Longitudinal, circular, oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach's blood supply comes from branches of the ______ artery.

    <p>Celiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is primarily responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the stomach?

    <p>Anterior vagal trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the duodenum is completely peritonealized?

    <p>First part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ileum is the first part of the small intestine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the small intestine?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____________ connects the pylorus to the ileocecal junction.

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the duodenum with their descriptions:

    <p>First part = Completely peritonealized Second part = Common bile duct opens here Third part = Located posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels Fourth part = Ends at the duodenojejunal flexure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT a branch of the common hepatic artery?

    <p>Superior mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The celiac ganglia receive fibers from the greater splanchnic nerve.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network of fibers associated with the celiac ganglia called?

    <p>Celiac plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The duodenum forms a ___________ shape around the head of the pancreas.

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the duodenum has circular folds present?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries supply blood to the duodenum?

    <p>Celiac Trunk and Superior Mesenteric Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The jejunum has a thicker wall and greater vascularity compared to the ileum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of the jejunum and ileum combined?

    <p>22 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The remnant of the proximal part of the yolk sac is known as __________.

    <p>Meckel’s Diverticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the jejunum and ileum with their descriptions:

    <p>Jejunum = Deeper red color, thick &amp; heavy wall Ileum = Paler pink color, many Peyer's patches Meckel’s Diverticulum = Remnant of the yolk sac Mesentery Proper = Supports the jejunum and ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures provides support for the jejunum and ileum?

    <p>Mesentery Proper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vasa recta in the ileum are longer compared to those in the jejunum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lymph nodes are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the jejunum and ileum?

    <p>Superior Mesenteric and Ileocolic Lymph Nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic innervation for the midgut originates from __________.

    <p>Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the small intestine has circular folds that are large, tall and closely packed?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Esophagus

    • Three layers of muscle: inner circular (smooth), outer longitudinal (skeletal in upper 1/3, smooth in distal 1/3).
    • Passes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm at approximately T10 vertebral level.
    • Terminates at the cardiac orifice (esophagogastric junction) at approximately T11 vertebral level, slightly left of midline.
    • Z-line marks the abrupt change from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium.
    • Inferior esophageal sphincter is formed by diaphragmatic musculature superior to the Z-line.
    • Abdominal portion blood supply: left gastric artery (celiac trunk branch) and inferior phrenic arteries (abdominal aorta branches).
    • Innervation: esophageal plexus (anterior and posterior vagal trunks - parasympathetic; greater splanchnic nerves - sympathetic).
    • Para-esophageal and sliding hiatal hernias are clinical considerations.

    Stomach

    • J-shaped organ between esophagus and small intestine; located in left hypochondrium, epigastric, and umbilical regions.
    • Variable size and shape (holds 2-3 liters).
    • Primary function: food blending and reservoir for enzymatic digestion.
    • Greater curvature: longer, convex left border; associated with greater omentum and right/left gastro-omental vessels.
    • Lesser curvature: shorter, concave right border; associated with lesser omentum and right/left gastric vessels.
    • Regions: cardia (esophagogastric junction), fundus (above and left of cardia), body (major portion), pyloric region (funnel-shaped outflow: antrum, canal, pylorus).
    • Cardiac notch: junction between cardia and fundus.
    • Angular incisura/notch: junction of body and pylorus.
    • Three muscle layers.
    • Gastric folds (rugae): longitudinal folds of gastric mucosa; diminish with distension.
    • Gastric canal: groove between rugae and lesser curvature.
    • Blood supply: branches of celiac artery.
    • Venous drainage: similarly named veins to the portal venous system.
    • Lymphatic drainage: gastric and pyloric lymph nodes.
    • Innervation: parasympathetic (anterior and posterior vagal trunks); sympathetic (greater splanchnic nerves).
    • Celiac trunk branches: left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery.
    • Common hepatic artery branches: gastroduodenal artery and proper hepatic artery.
    • Gastroduodenal artery branches: anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.
    • Superior mesenteric artery and vein cross over the third part of the duodenum.
    • Two large celiac ganglia on either side of the celiac trunk; receive fibers from greater splanchnic nerve; form part of the celiac plexus.

    Small Intestine

    • Extends from pylorus to ileocecal junction; approximately 6-7 meters long.
    • Primary function: nutrient absorption.
    • Three parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

    Duodenum

    • C-shaped loop around head of pancreas; mostly retroperitoneal.
    • Four parts: superior (first), descending (second), inferior (third), ascending (fourth).
    • Superior part: continuous with pylorus; completely peritonealized; lacks circular folds.
    • Descending part: secondarily retroperitoneal; circular folds present; common bile duct and main pancreatic duct open onto duodenal papilla.
    • Inferior part: secondarily retroperitoneal; circular folds present; posterior to superior mesenteric vessels; crosses L3 vertebra.
    • Ascending part: secondarily retroperitoneal; circular folds present; ends at duodenojejunal flexure; supported by suspensory ligament of duodenum (ligament of Treitz).
    • Blood supply: branches of celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.
    • Venous drainage: similarly named veins to the portal venous system.
    • Lymphatic drainage: pyloric and superior mesenteric lymph nodes.
    • Innervation: parasympathetic (vagus nerves); sympathetic (greater and lesser splanchnic nerves).
    • Superior part (duodenal bulb) prone to ulcers.
    • Duodenal papilla location (second part).
    • Third part's location relative to superior mesenteric vessels.

    Jejunum and Ileum

    • Jejunum: begins at duodenojejunal flexure (left side of L2 vertebra); upper 2/5 of small intestine.
    • Ileum: ends at ileocecal junction; lower 3/5 of small intestine.
    • Meckel's diverticulum: remnant of proximal yolk sac; rule of twos (2 inches long, 2 feet from ileocecal junction, 2% prevalence).
    • Mesentery proper supports jejunum and ileum; base extends from left L2 to right sacroiliac joint.
    • Distinguishing features: jejunum (deeper red color, thicker wall, greater vascularity, longer vasa recta, fewer arcades, less mesenteric fat, larger/closely packed circular folds, fewer lymphoid nodules); ileum (paler pink color, thinner wall, less vascularity, shorter vasa recta, many short arcades, more mesenteric fat, low/sparse circular folds, many lymphoid nodules/Peyer's patches).
    • Blood supply: jejunal and ileal branches of superior mesenteric artery.
    • Venous drainage: similarly named veins to the portal venous system.
    • Lymphatic drainage: superior mesenteric and ileocolic lymph nodes.
    • Innervation: parasympathetic (vagus nerves); sympathetic (greater and lesser splanchnic nerves).

    Generalizations: Innervation and Blood Supply

    • Foregut innervation: sympathetic (thoracic splanchnic nerves), parasympathetic (vagus nerves).
    • Midgut innervation: sympathetic (thoracic splanchnic nerves), parasympathetic (vagus nerves).
    • Hindgut innervation: sympathetic (lumbar splanchnic nerves), parasympathetic (pelvic splanchnic nerves).
    • Foregut blood supply: celiac trunk branches.
    • Midgut blood supply: superior mesenteric artery branches.
    • Hindgut blood supply: inferior mesenteric artery branches.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone, sliding hiatal hernia. Can lead to Barrett's esophagus.
    • Peptic ulcers: mucosal exposure to gastric acid, H. pylori infection. 98% located in duodenum or stomach (4:1 ratio).
    • Ostomies: surgical externalization of GI tract portion (gastrostomy, jejunostomy, ileostomy, colostomy).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the esophagus and stomach. This quiz covers key structures, blood supply, innervation, and clinical considerations related to these vital components of the digestive system. Perfect for students of human anatomy or those preparing for medical exams.

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