Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the normal life span of erythrocytes?
What is the approximate diameter range of erythrocytes?
Growth factor that stimulates erythrocyte production from myeloid progenitor cells and influences colony-forming unit-erythrocytes (CFU-Es) to differentiate into erythroblasts?
What is the central pallor size of erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the diameter of erythrocytes, on average, in comparison to the size of the nucleus of a small lymphocyte?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of progenitor cell does erythropoietin stimulate to produce erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is erythropoietin mainly produced?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is associated with increased central pallor of erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What regulates erythropoiesis in addition to erythropoietin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the reference range of red blood cell count for males in conventional units?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does androgen play in erythropoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition leads to a decrease in central pallor of erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Hemoglobin continues to be produced by reticulocytes for approximately ___ hours after exiting the bone marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the size range of a polychromatophilic normoblast (rubricyte)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which normoblast has an eccentric nucleus with small, fully condensed (pyknotic) nucleus and pale blue to salmon cytoplasm?
Signup and view all the answers
Which normoblast begins to produce hemoglobin, resulting in gray-blue cytoplasm?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the N:C ratio of a pronormoblast (rubriblast)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cell contains no nucleus but has mitochondria and ribosomes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate size of an orthochromic normoblast (metarubricyte)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary source of energy for early red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the best indicator of bone marrow function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism is responsible for maintaining the proper volume ratio and flexibility of erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate lipid composition of the erythrocyte membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of anemia are macrocytes (RBCs > 8 um in diameter) commonly seen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the size range of microcytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which substance is required for the transport of oxygen in erythropoiesis?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of anemia are microcytes (RBCs less than 6 um in diameter) commonly seen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of normocytes (discocytes)?
Signup and view all the answers
What does anisocytosis indicate in a red blood cell population?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition is an increase in RDW (red blood cell distribution width) most likely to be seen?
Signup and view all the answers
When is dimorphism, a heterogeneous RBC population, most likely to be observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general term used to describe variation in shape of red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with evenly spaced sharp projections and a central pallor area in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is commonly associated with unevenly spiculated red blood cells with bulbous and rounded ends?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with red blood cells showing a central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a colorless ring and a peripheral ring of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
In which conditions are poikilocytosis observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinguishing characteristic of acanthocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of acanthocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the formation of echinocytes (crenated and burr cells)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the cause of spiculated red blood cells with an increased surface-to-volume ratio?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the excessive cholesterol in the membrane of crenated cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is commonly associated with target cells (codocytes or Mexican hat cells)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with evenly spaced sharp projections and a central pallor area in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of red blood cell is associated with defects of the red cell membrane proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition are sickle cells most commonly seen?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the cell shape of schistocytes (RBC fragments) in microangiopathic hemolytic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of schistocytes (RBC fragments)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with pear-shaped cells and one blunt projection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of spherocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the characteristic cell shape of sickle cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of stomatocytes (mouth cells)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is most commonly associated with the presence of teardrop cells (dacryocytes) in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic cell shape of spherocytes associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is commonly associated with the presence of schistocytes (RBC fragments) in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most likely cause of stomatocytes in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is associated with the presence of elliptocytes (ovalocytes) in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of anemia are pencil forms of elliptocytes most commonly seen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with an increased presence of nucleated RBCs in the peripheral blood smear?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition would a few nucleated RBCs in a peripheral blood smear be considered normal?
Signup and view all the answers
Which disease is NOT commonly associated with the presence of nucleated RBCs in the peripheral blood smear?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is most likely to be associated with the presence of nucleated RBCs in the peripheral blood smear?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the presence of orthochromic normoblasts (metarubricytes) in the peripheral blood smear?
Signup and view all the answers
In which of the following disorders would a normal newborn most likely have a few nucleated RBCs on a peripheral blood smear?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is NOT commonly associated with the presence of Howell-Jolly bodies in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most likely cause of Howell-Jolly bodies in erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition are Howell-Jolly bodies most commonly seen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is likely to show the 'blueberry bagel' appearance in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic appearance of basophilic stippling in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is associated with basophilic stippling in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic staining pattern of Pappenheimer bodies with Wright's stain?
Signup and view all the answers
What accumulates to cause the formation of Pappenheimer bodies?
Signup and view all the answers
In which of the following conditions are Pappenheimer bodies commonly observed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of Cabot rings in the peripheral blood smear?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of Cabot rings?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of anemia is the presence of Cabot rings most commonly associated?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of crystal is condensed and rod-shaped?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of Hemoglobin SC crystals?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition are HEMOGLOBIN SC CRYSTALS (WASHINGTON MONUMENT) observed?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is most likely to be associated with the presence of Heinz bodies in red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a condition where Heinz bodies may be seen due to denatured hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
In which of the following conditions might Heinz bodies be visualized using a supravital stain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinguishing characteristic of normochromasia?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is often associated with hypochromasia?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of anemia are microcytosis and hypochromasia commonly seen?
Signup and view all the answers
Qual es le principal characteristicas de polychromasia in le hemoglobina?
Signup and view all the answers
Qual es le causa plus probabile del macrocytosis observate con polychromasia?
Signup and view all the answers
Qual es le signification de un tintura blau que se observa in le hemoglobina quando colorate con Wright?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definitive method for determining true rouleaux formation?
Signup and view all the answers
In which conditions would one most likely see excessively blue color to the smear macroscopically and microscopically?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the stacking or 'coining' pattern of erythrocytes known as rouleaux formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of agglutination in cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the corrective measure for a false low RBC and hematocrit, and false high MCHC (>37 g/dL) when using an automated cell counting instrument in cold agglutinin disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of antibodies and complement lead to agglutination of erythrocytes in cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which amino acid chain determines the type of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What gives erythrocytes their characteristic red color?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the amino acid sequence in the globin chain of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What gives erythrocytes their characteristic red color?
Signup and view all the answers
How many heme groups are present in the structure of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does heme synthesis occur in the immature red blood cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chromosome controls the globin synthesis for alpha chains?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary determinant of globin synthesis location?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does heme synthesis occur in the immature red blood cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary source of energy for early red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which amino acid chain determines the type of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the major free hemoglobin transport protein that binds to released free hemoglobin in intravascular hemolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory parameter is most likely to be decreased in the context of intravascular hemolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the likely result in urine associated with intravascular hemolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Where does the protoporphyrin ring get metabolized to bilirubin and urobilinogen in extravascular hemolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the globin chains of senescent/old RBCs during extravascular hemolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the iron in senescent/old RBCs during extravascular hemolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What does serum ferritin measure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of ferric iron (Fe3+) in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of measuring total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which iron state is essential for binding to hemoglobin for transport to lungs and body tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What does serum ferritin measure indirectly in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What does total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) measure in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hemoglobin predominates at birth?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory test can be used to identify Hgb F due to its resistance to denaturation/elution?
Signup and view all the answers
In which conditions can Hgb F be increased as a compensatory hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of Hemoglobin Hgb F?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age is gamma chain production complete, and beta chain production takes over?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory test can be used to identify Hemoglobin Hgb F due to its resistance to denaturation/elution?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of hemoglobin has 200 times more affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen?
Signup and view all the answers
In which circulation is deoxyhemoglobin primarily seen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most likely outcome of a person who inhales carbon monoxide (CO)?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of circulation is deoxyhemoglobin primarily seen?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the iron in deoxyhemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hemoglobin cannot transport O2 and is caused by drugs and chemicals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of increased levels of methemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of hemoglobin has Fe3+ and cannot transport O2?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinguishing characteristic of Sulfhemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of increased levels of Methemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is used to measure Sulfhemoglobin levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'oxygen affinity' refer to in the context of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of hemoglobin being 50% saturated with oxygen?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of oxygen transport, what does '50% saturated with oxygen' mean for hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does a high level of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) have on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does increased body temperature have on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
How does a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve affect the release of oxygen to the tissues?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does a high level of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) have on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of increased body temperature on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of decreased body pH on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition would the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) most likely be increased?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with an increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is most likely to cause a decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the expected impact on mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in a patient with lead poisoning?
Signup and view all the answers
What would be the expected impact on mean corpuscular volume (MCV) if the hematocrit (Hct) increases significantly?
Signup and view all the answers
If the RBC count decreases, what effect would it have on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?
Signup and view all the answers
How would an increase in both hematocrit (Hct) and RBC count affect the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the formula for calculating Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of anemia is Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) commonly increased?
Signup and view all the answers
What change in the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) is expected in microcytic, hypochromic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) measure?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of MCHC being lower than the reference range?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) of lesser than 32 g/dL indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of MCHC being within the range of 32-37 g/dL?
Signup and view all the answers
When MCHC is greater than 37 g/dL, what could it indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main morphological classification used to classify anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
In anemia, the decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues is primarily caused by a decrease in:
Signup and view all the answers
Anemia can also be classified based on its etiology/cause. Which of the following is a common cause of anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the likely cause of relative anemia as described in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of relative anemia, what would be the expected impact on the reticulocyte count?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of anemia is described in the text based on the characteristics provided?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism involved in increased loss of red cells from the circulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicative of a true decrease in erythrocytes and hemoglobin?
Signup and view all the answers
What does absolute anemia indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
In which group of individuals is iron-deficiency anemia most prevalent?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of iron-deficiency anemia in individuals with chronic blood loss?
Signup and view all the answers
Which physiological event commonly contributes to iron-deficiency anemia in women?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic appearance of the smear in iron-deficiency anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which clinical symptom is commonly associated with iron-deficiency anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common nail abnormality seen in individuals with iron-deficiency anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main cause of anemia of chronic disease (ACD)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is often associated with Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of hepcidin in the regulation of body iron?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of anemia is commonly associated with normocytic/normochromic or slightly microcytic/hypochromic characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical level of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) in Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of sideroblastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which stain is best used to demonstrate siderocytes in sideroblastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What laboratory result is typically observed in sideroblastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes primary irreversible sideroblastic anemia from the secondary reversible form?
Signup and view all the answers
Which myelodysplastic syndrome is associated with refractory anemia and ringed sideroblasts?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors are known to cause secondary reversible sideroblastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a clinical symptom commonly associated with lead poisoning?
Signup and view all the answers
In lead poisoning, which of the following is a characteristic laboratory finding related to the red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a symptom NOT commonly associated with lead poisoning in children?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with PORPHYRIAS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main cause of the accumulation of heme precursors in the tissues in PORPHYRIAS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method of excretion for the large amounts of accumulated heme precursors in PORPHYRIAS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main cause of megaloblastic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of the macrocytic/normochromic anemia seen in megaloblastic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory finding is characteristic of megaloblastic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the presence of hypersegmented neutrophils in megaloblastic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which population is most prevalent in pernicious anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with diphyllobothrium latum tapeworm infection as a cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of intrinsic factor in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ethnic group is particularly prevalent in pernicious anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the clinical symptoms commonly associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinguishing feature of folic acid deficiency anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is commonly associated with causing folic acid deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of folic acid deficiency on red blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is most likely to cause non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic shape of erythrocytes in non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause accelerated erythropoiesis and contribute to non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical prognosis for patients with aplastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary treatment approach for aplastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
At what age group does aplastic anemia most commonly affect people?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the characteristics of genetic aplastic anemia (Fanconi anemia)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of acquired aplastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes idiopathic aplastic anemia from genetic and acquired forms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a known cause of acquired aplastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is responsible for approximately 30% of acquired aplastic anemias?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with secondary acquired aplastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the likely cause of Diamond-Blackfan anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of idiopathic (primary) aplastic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of true red cell aplasia (Diamond-Blackfan anemia)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the expected change in reticulocyte count in the initial phase of acute blood loss anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory finding is likely to be observed in the initial few hours after acute blood loss?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of normocytic/normochromic anemia in acute blood loss anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of anemia is characterized by a gradual, long-term loss of blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of anemia is initially normocytic/normochromic but over time causes a decrease in hemoglobin/hematocrit?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of anemia results from a gradual loss of iron causing microcytic/hypochromic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the underlying cause of hemolytic anemias due to intrinsic defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic type of anemia seen in hemolytic anemias due to intrinsic defects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary distinguishing feature of hemolytic anemias due to intrinsic defects?
Signup and view all the answers
Which gene is most commonly affected in hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for the need of splenectomy in patients with hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic finding on a peripheral blood film in hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory finding supports the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Osmotic fragility test indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) in Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary limitation of the Osmotic fragility test in distinguishing Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) from other causes of spherocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of hereditary elliptocytosis/hereditary ovalocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition are elliptocytes defined as cells that are twice as long as they are wide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the diagnostic threshold for the percentage of circulating red cells that are elliptocytes in hereditary elliptocytosis/hereditary ovalocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic used to diagnose hereditary elliptocytosis/hereditary ovalocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition commonly shows low proportions of elliptocytes and can be mistaken for hereditary elliptocytosis/hereditary ovalocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of the characteristic cell shape seen in hereditary elliptocytosis/hereditary ovalocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary distinguishing characteristic of hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP)?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of anemia is associated with moderate to severe anemia in homozygotes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which double heterozygosity leads to the spherocytic type of anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of the variable degree of anemia in hereditary stomatocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main effect of the membrane defect in hereditary stomatocytosis on erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the quantitative range of stomatocytes typically observed on the blood smear in hereditary stomatocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the defining characteristics of hereditary stomatocytosis severe hydrocytotic (overhydrated) type?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the characteristic features of xerocytotic type hereditary stomatocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most likely blood smear observation in hereditary stomatocytosis severe hydrocytotic (overhydrated) type?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of the neurological and retinal abnormalities associated with hereditary acanthocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main factor responsible for the increased cholesterol:lecithin ratio in the erythrocyte membrane in hereditary acanthocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic feature of the erythrocyte membrane in hereditary acanthocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic denaturation form seen in G6PD deficiency-induced hemolytic anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
In G6PD deficiency, when does severe hemolytic anemia with reticulocytosis usually occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism behind the severe hemolytic anemia seen in pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the lack of ATP in pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency affect the erythrocyte life span?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the impairment of the cation pump affect the intracellular environment of erythrocytes in pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common membrane defect in hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of increased permeability of the membrane to sodium in hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for affected patients requiring splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common affected gene in hereditary spherocytosis, after ANK1 (ankyrin)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of hereditary elliptocytosis/hereditary ovalocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a possible cause for low proportions of elliptocytes seen in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
What laboratory test is less sensitive and specific for distinguishing hereditary spherocytosis from other causes of spherocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What result would be expected from a direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in hereditary spherocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of the membrane defect in hereditary stomatocytosis on erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a diagnosis of Hereditary Elliptocytosis/Hereditary Ovalocytosis entail?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicative if gel electrophoresis of red cell membrane proteins is used to support diagnosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common enzyme deficiency in the hexose monophosphate shunt?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition results in oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin (Fe3+)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which deficiency causes impairment of the cation pump that controls intracellular sodium and potassium levels?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis causing hemoglobinuria and hemosiderinuria at an acid pH at night?
Signup and view all the answers
Which deficiency results in decreased NADPH generation, leading to reduced glutathione levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of severe hemolytic anemia with reticulocytosis in PYRUVATE KINASE (PK) DEFICIENCY?
Signup and view all the answers
In which condition are all cells abnormally sensitive to lysis by complement?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic is used in the diagnosis of PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA (PNH)?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does PYRUVATE KINASE (PK) DEFICIENCY have on erythrocyte deformability?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism is responsible for intravascular hemolysis in ABO incompatibility?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to Rh incompatibility?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic laboratory finding in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to ABO incompatibility?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of severe anemia and high bilirubin levels in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) due to Rh incompatibility?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition has become less common due to the use of Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGam)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the underlying cause of hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which test is typically positive in hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the likely laboratory finding in hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition can trigger disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) due to release of tissue factor from lysed RBCs?
Signup and view all the answers
In warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA), what is the primary antibody coating the RBCs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition can lead to cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the defining characteristic of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common secondary cause of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What laboratory finding is commonly associated with cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA)?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the complement-coated RBC in cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA) typically react when warmed to 37°C?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary temperature range at which red blood cell clumping is observed in cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of the IgG biphasic Donath-Landsteiner antibody in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)?
Signup and view all the answers
In warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA), how are red blood cells (RBCs) coated?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic antibody involved in cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with the presence of IgG biphasic Donath-Landsteiner antibody with P specificity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic finding in the laboratory related to RBC clumping in cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which disease can secondary cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA) be associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
In warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA), what can macrophages do to red blood cells (RBCs) coated with IgG and/or complement?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the lysis of red blood cells (RBCs) in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia (CAIHA)?
Signup and view all the answers
In warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA), what can be seen in 60% of cases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by systemic clotting initiated by activation of the coagulation cascade due to toxins or conditions that trigger release of procoagulants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition most often occurs in children following a gastrointestinal infection and causes clots to form, leading to renal damage?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of anemia does March hemoglobinuria cause following forceful contact of the body with hard surfaces, such as in marathon runners or tennis players?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of anemia are schistocytes and spherocytes seen on the blood smear?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes acute hemolysis and severe anemia with many schistocytes and micro-spherocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes fibrin to be deposited in small vessels, leading to RBC fragmentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of MARCH HEMOGLOBINURIA?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor triggers the initiation of systemic clotting in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by intracellular rodlike C crystals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the cause of Hgb E?
Signup and view all the answers
In which populations is Hemoglobin E found more commonly?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the life expectancy with proper treatment for individuals diagnosed with sickle cell anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common hemoglobinopathy in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic laboratory finding in individuals with Hgb SC disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What migrates with hemoglobins A2, E, and O on alkaline hemoglobin electrophoresis in individuals with Hemoglobin C disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate proportion of Hgb S and Hgb C produced in individuals with Hgb SC disease?
Signup and view all the answers
In individuals with sickle cell trait (Hgb AS), what is the approximate percentage of Hgb A and Hgb S produced?
Signup and view all the answers
What migrates with hemoglobin D on alkaline hemoglobin electrophoresis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic laboratory finding in individuals with sickle cell anemia (Hgb SS)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of death in individuals diagnosed with sickle cell anemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of sickle cell disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which population is sickle cell disease most commonly found in?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of hemoglobin in sickle cell disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic shape of erythrocytes in sickle cell disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of erythrocytes becoming rigid and trapped in capillaries in sickle cell disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory test may be used to confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of sickle cell disease on hemoglobin solubility and function?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between homozygous/disease conditions and heterozygous/trait conditions in hemoglobinopathies?
Signup and view all the answers
What are target cells associated with in the context of hemoglobinopathies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most common amino acid substitution causing formation of Hgb S?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs when deoxyhemoglobin forms in sickle cell disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of sickled erythrocytes being trapped in capillaries?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of thalassemia minor/trait?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the hallmark laboratory finding in beta-thalassemia major (Cooley anemia)?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes the red blood cell (RBC) membrane in beta-thalassemia major?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for stunted growth in individuals with beta-thalassemia major?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic appearance of RBCs in the laboratory findings of beta-thalassemia major?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary effect of the excess alpha chains in beta-thalassemia major?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of organ failure in individuals with beta-thalassemia major?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptoms are likely to be present by 6 months of age in individuals with beta-thalassemia major?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition does NOT cause a decreased rate of synthesis of a structurally normal globin chain?
Signup and view all the answers
In which population is thalassemia primarily found?
Signup and view all the answers
In alpha-thalassemia major (hydrops fetalis), what is the primary reason for the incompatibility with life?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes alpha-thalassemia HgbH disease from other types of alpha-thalassemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a distinguishing characteristic of alpha-thalassemia minor/trait?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes alpha-thalassemia silent carrier from other types of alpha-thalassemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens in alpha-thalassemia HgbH disease that leads to the formation of Heinz bodies and the destruction of rigid RBCs in the spleen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for asymptomatic patients in alpha-thalassemia silent carrier?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Erythrocyte Lifespan and Dimensions
- Normal lifespan of erythrocytes is about 120 days.
- Erythrocytes’ approximate diameter ranges from 6 to 8 micrometers.
- Central pallor size of erythrocytes is about one-third of the cell’s diameter.
- Average diameter of erythrocytes is larger than the nucleus of a small lymphocyte.
Erythropoiesis and Regulation
- Erythropoietin stimulates myeloid progenitor cells to produce erythrocytes and influences CFU-Es to differentiate into erythroblasts.
- Erythropoietin is mainly produced in the kidneys.
- Growth factors besides erythropoietin regulating erythropoiesis include androgens.
- Reference range of red blood cell count for males is approximately 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter.
Normoblasts and Reticulocytes
- Hemoglobin production in reticulocytes continues for approximately 24 to 48 hours after exiting the bone marrow.
- Polychromatophilic normoblast (rubricyte) size ranges from 10 to 15 micrometers.
- Pronormoblast (rubriblast) has a N:C ratio of about 8:1.
- Eccentric nucleus with small, fully condensed (pyknotic) nucleus describes the orthochromic normoblast (metarubricyte).
- Normoblast producing hemoglobin has a gray-blue cytoplasm.
Red Blood Cell Characteristics
- Microcytes are red blood cells less than 6 micrometers in diameter; macrocytes are greater than 8 micrometers in diameter.
- Normocytes (discocytes) have a biconcave shape and a central pallor.
- Anisocytosis indicates variation in size among red blood cells.
- Increased RDW (red blood cell distribution width) is observed in various anemias, indicating size variability among RBCs.
Poikilocytosis and Cell Shapes
- Poikilocytosis reflects variations in cell shape among red blood cells.
- Conditions with acanthocytes show irregular projections on the cell's surface.
- Echinocytes (burr cells) result from membrane changes and increased surface-to-volume ratio.
- Target cells (codocytes) are associated with certain types of anemia, such as thalassemia.
Abnormal Cell Forms and Anemias
- Sickle cells are commonly seen in sickle cell anemia and result from altered hemoglobin structure.
- Schistocytes (RBC fragments) arise in microangiopathic hemolytic anemias due to mechanical fragmentation.
- Pear-shaped cells are characteristic of porphyrias.
- Stomatocytes (mouth cells) have a slit-like central area and are associated with liver disease.
Nucleated Red Blood Cells
- Nucleated RBCs are seen in bone marrow stress and can indicate various pathological conditions.
- Presence of Howell-Jolly bodies often suggests splenic dysfunction or postsplenectomy.
- Cabot rings indicate disturbed erythropoiesis and may appear in certain anemias.
Hemoglobin and Crystals
- Hemoglobin is essential for oxygen transport and consists of four heme groups per molecule.
- Hemoglobin SC crystals (Washington monument) are found in sickle cell disease with hemoglobin C.
- Heinz bodies indicate oxidative damage to RBCs and can be seen in G6PD deficiency and other conditions.
Staining and Microscopic Features
- Basophilic stippling reflects lead poisoning or thalassemia, resulting from ribosomal RNA aggregation.
- The characteristic appearance of Pappenheimer bodies reflects iron accumulation in red blood cells.
- Variation in staining intensity indicates hypochromasia or normochromasia, often associated with microcytic anemias.
Agglutination and Rouleaux Formation
- Agglutination in cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia leads to form clusters of RBCs known as agglutinates.
- Rouleaux formation suggests increased plasma protein concentration, often seen in inflammatory conditions.
- Careful interpretation of RBC counts is necessary in cold agglutinin disease to avoid misclassification.
General Knowledge
- Oxygen transport is vital to cell metabolism and is facilitated by hemoglobin’s iron-containing heme groups.
- Erythrocytes derive their red color primarily from hemoglobin.
- The amino acid sequence in hemoglobin's globin chain determines its type and functionality.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge about the structure and function of erythrocytes, including their size, shape, life span, and the role of erythropoietin in stimulating their production. Explore the essential role of erythrocytes in oxygen transport and removal of metabolic waste.