Erikson's Theory of Identity Crisis
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Questions and Answers

What is the psychosocial crisis faced during the infancy stage of development?

  • Industry versus Inferiority
  • Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust (correct)
  • Initiative versus Guilt
  • Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Which basic strength is developed during the early childhood stage?

  • Will (correct)
  • Purpose
  • Competence
  • Hope

What is the core pathology associated with the play age stage?

  • Inertia
  • Inhibition (correct)
  • Compulsion
  • Guilt

During which stage does the psychosocial crisis of Initiative versus Guilt occur?

<p>Early Childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age range does the school age stage cover?

<p>6 to 12 or 13 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which basic strength is developed during the adolescence stage of personality development?

<p>Ego Identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychosocial crisis characterizes the school age stage?

<p>Industry versus Inferiority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychosocial crisis associated with young adulthood?

<p>Intimacy versus Isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase captures Erikson's description of the identity crisis during adolescence?

<p>A turning point, a crucial period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which basic strength is associated with adulthood according to Erikson's stages?

<p>Care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core pathology associated with the psychosocial crisis of Integrity versus Despair?

<p>Disdain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's psychosocial crisis during puberty revolves around which of the following?

<p>Identity versus Identity Confusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Erikson use to examine the apathy among Sioux children?

<p>Anthropological Studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents Erikson's perspective on free choice?

<p>Intermediate position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Erik Erikson coin to describe a pivotal moment in one’s life that influences personality?

<p>Identity crisis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic strength that emerges during the stage of old age?

<p>Wisdom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects did Erikson emphasize more than Freud in his theory?

<p>Social and historical influences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, how is the ego described during childhood?

<p>Weak, pliable, and fragile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core pathology associated with young adulthood?

<p>Exclusivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Erikson believe about the role of the ego?

<p>It acts as a positive force creating self-identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is NOT associated with Erikson's post-Freudian theory?

<p>Oedipus complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Erikson relate his developmental stages to personality formation?

<p>Each stage involves a specific psychosocial struggle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures Erikson’s view on identity?

<p>Identity evolves through various life stages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Body Ego' in Erikson's theory?

<p>Recognition of one's own body as a separate entity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ego ideal represent in an individual's identity?

<p>The ideal image compared to societal expectations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does society influence the development of the ego according to Erikson?

<p>By allowing the ego to emerge from within a cultural environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epigenetic principle as described by Erikson?

<p>A predetermined sequence of development akin to embryology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced from the conflict between the syntonic and dystonic elements at each stage of development?

<p>Basic strength or ego quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is too little basic strength at a stage in Erikson's theory?

<p>A core pathology develops specific to that stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of development did Erikson incorporate into his psychosocial stages?

<p>The biological aspects of human growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pseudospecies in the context of societal influence?

<p>Illusions that one society is inherently superior as a species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Erikson's view on human growth?

<p>Growth happens in distinct steps and according to a plan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Identity Crisis

A significant turning point in one's life that can strengthen or weaken personality.

Post-Freudian Theory

Theory extending Freud's ideas to include adolescence, adulthood, and old age, emphasizing social and historical influences.

Psychosocial Struggle

Specific conflict at each stage that shapes personality development.

Ego

A positive force that creates self-identity and a sense of 'I'.

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Body Ego

Experiences with one's physical self, differentiating from others.

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Erik Erikson

Psychologist who coined the term "identity crisis" and developed a theory of psychosocial development.

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Identity

A sense of self formed by synthesizing past experiences and anticipated self-images.

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Erikson's methods

Not described in this excerpt.

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Ego Ideal

The image of ourselves compared to an ideal, affecting satisfaction with our personal identity, including our physical self.

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Ego Identity

The image of ourselves based on social roles we play.

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Pseudospecies

An illusion of a group being the 'chosen' human species, promoted by that society.

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Epigenetic Principle

Step-by-step growth of organs, with a predetermined rate and sequence (borrowed from embryology).

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Interaction of Opposites

At each stage, a conflict between a harmonious and disruptive element.

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Ego Quality/Strength

The result of the conflict between harmonious and disruptive elements in a stage of development.

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Basic Strength

The positive outcome of a developmental stage conflict. Lack of it may produce a core pathology.

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Core Pathology

Developing inadequate positive outcome in a stage of development, leading to problems in later life.

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Erikson's Stages

Erikson's theory proposes that personality develops in stages throughout life, with each stage having a unique psychosocial crisis.

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Infancy (Psychosocial)

The first year of life, focusing on developing trust.

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Early Childhood Crisis

Ages 2-3, it is about developing autonomy.

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Play Age Crisis

Ages 3-5: initiative vs guilt

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School Age Crisis

Ages 6-12: Industry vs Inferiority

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Adolescence (Psychosocial)

Puberty to young adulthood, crucial for developing ego identity.

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Psychosocial Development

Personality development influenced by social interactions and experiences.

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Psychosocial Crisis of Young Adulthood

The central conflict faced in young adulthood (ages 19-30), where individuals struggle with intimacy versus isolation.

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Psychosocial Crisis of Adulthood

The main conflict in adulthood (ages 31-60) revolves around generativity versus stagnation, concerning contributing to the next generation.

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Psychosocial Crisis of Old Age

The primary challenge in old age (after age 60) is resolving integrity versus despair, looking back on life with fulfillment.

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Erikson's Anthropological Studies

Erikson's research method using fieldwork to understand cultural influences on development, like his studies with Sioux children and Yurok people.

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Erikson's Psychohistory

A research approach merging psychoanalysis and historical methods to analyze historical figures’ lives and events using psychoanalytic concepts.

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Erikson's View on Free Will and Determinism

Erikson's view on human nature is a middle ground between fully determined and totally free.

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Erikson's Optimism

Erikson tends to be optimistic about human potential, believing in the capability for positive growth and development throughout life.

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Erikson's view on causality and purpose

Erikson's theory suggests that humans are more influenced by biological and social forces than by their views of the future.

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Study Notes

Erikson's Post-Freudian Theory

  • Erikson is the person who coined the term identity crisis
  • Identity crisis is a turning point in one's life; it can strengthen or weaken personality
  • Erikson's theory built upon Freud's ideas, extending the concept of stages into adolescence, adulthood, and old age
  • Erikson emphasized both social and historical influences on personality formation
  • Erikson was born on June 15, 1902, in southern Germany
  • Erikson's biological father was uncertain
  • Anna Freud was both his employer and psychoanalyst
  • It was a difficult period for him to find his identity
  • Erikson held that the ego is a positive force that creates self-identity (a sense of "I")
  • During childhood, the ego is fragile and weak and pliable, but by adolescence it should start to take form and strengthen
  • The ego is a partially unconscious organizing agency that takes in past identities and anticipated self-images to synthesize into present experience

Components of the Ego

  • Body Ego: the way individuals perceive and experience their physical selves in contrast to others
  • Ego Ideal: the image individuals have of themselves in comparison to an established ideal. This impacts satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one's identity
  • Ego Identity: the image individuals have of themselves in various social roles

Society's Influence

  • The ego is a potential at birth, but it develops within cultural environments
  • Pseudospecies: an illusion of a particular society that a specific group is somehow better than others
  • Erikson expanded upon Freud's theory of development by including school age, youth, adulthood, and old age

Epigenetic Principle

  • Term borrowed from embryology
  • Implies step-by-step growth, like the development of fetal organs
  • Progresses according to a predetermined rate and sequence
  • "Anything that grows has a ground plan, and out of this ground plan the parts arise, each part having its time of special ascendancy until all parts have arisen to form a functioning whole" - Erikson

Stages of Psychosocial Development

  • Growth happens in stages according to the epigenetic principle
  • In every stage, there's an interaction of opposing forces (conflicts) called syntonic (harmonious) and dystonic (disruptive) elements
  • Each stage results in an ego quality or ego strength called a basic strength
  • Insufficient basic strength results in a core pathology
  • Infancy: Oral-sensory mode, basic trust vs. mistrust, basic strength: hope, core pathology: withdrawal
  • Early Childhood: Anal-Urethral-Muscular mode, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic strength: will, core pathology: compulsion
  • Play Age: Genital-Locomotor mode, initiative vs. guilt, basic strength: purpose, core pathology: inhibition
  • School Age: Latency mode, industry vs. inferiority, basic strength: competence, core pathology: inertia
  • Adolescence: Puberty mode, identity vs. identity confusion, basic strength: fidelity, core pathology: role repudiation
  • Young Adulthood: Genitality mode, intimacy vs. isolation, basic strength: love, core pathology: exclusivity
  • Adulthood: Procreativity mode, generativity vs. stagnation, basic strength: care, core pathology: rejection
  • Old Age: Generalized sensuality mode, integrity vs. despair, basic strength: wisdom, core pathology: disdain

Erikson's Methods of Investigation

  • Anthropological Studies:
    • 1937: Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota to understand Sioux children's apathy
    • Later: Yurok nation in northern California studying salmon fishing.
  • Psychohistory: combines psychoanalysis with historical analysis

Erikson's Concept of Humanity

  • Less deterministic than Freud, not strongly in free choice. Somewhere in the middle
  • Optimistic
  • Focused on biological and social forces; not futures influences
  • Mixed on conscious versus unconscious factors
  • More emphasis on individual differences than universal characteristics

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T.O.P. Prelim Lectures: Erikson's Post-Freudian Theory PDF

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Explore Erikson's influential theories on identity development and the concept of the identity crisis in this quiz. Learn how his ideas extend Freud's theories and emphasize social and historical influences on personality formation. Perfect for psychology enthusiasts or students studying human development.

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