40 Questions
What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage theory of development?
The conflict between psychological needs and societal expectations
According to Erikson, what is the outcome of successfully completing each stage of development?
A healthier personality and acquisition of basic virtues
What is the age range for the stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion?
12-18 years
What is the basic virtue acquired during the stage of Initiative vs. Guilt?
Purpose
What is the consequence of failing to successfully complete a stage of development, according to Erikson?
A reduced ability to complete further stages
During which stage does the crisis of Generativity vs. Stagnation occur?
40-65 years
What is the basic virtue acquired during the stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?
Hope
What is the age range for the stage of Ego Integrity vs. Despair?
65+ years
What is the primary goal in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Self-control without a loss of self-esteem
What is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Initiative vs. Guilt
What is a characteristic of children during the initiative versus guilt stage?
They assert themselves more frequently through directing play
What happens if a child's tendency to initiate activities is squelched during the initiative versus guilt stage?
The child develops a sense of guilt
What is the result of too much guilt during the initiative versus guilt stage?
Slowed interaction with others
Why do children begin to ask many questions during the initiative versus guilt stage?
Because their thirst for knowledge grows
What happens if parents treat a child's questions as trivial during the initiative versus guilt stage?
The child develops a sense of guilt for being a nuisance
What is the importance of a healthy balance between initiative and guilt during the initiative versus guilt stage?
It allows the child to exercise self-control and have a conscience
During which stage of psychosocial development do children typically learn to read and write?
Industry vs. Inferiority
What is the result of success in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
The virtue of competence
What is the primary role of teachers during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
To teach specific skills
What is the result of failure in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
A sense of inferiority
During which stage of psychosocial development do adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
What is the primary goal of adolescents during the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
To explore personal values and beliefs
What is the significance of the peer group during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
It is a source of self-esteem
What is the balance that is necessary to achieve in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
Between competence and modesty
According to Erikson, what is the primary focus of children during this stage?
Developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and independence
What is the virtue that children develop if they are successful in this stage?
Will
What happens to children if they are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves during this stage?
They become overly dependent upon others and lack self-esteem
What is an example of a child's growing sense of independence and autonomy during this stage?
All of the above
What is the delicate balance that parents need to achieve during this stage?
Between protecting the child and letting them explore their abilities
What should parents avoid doing during this stage?
Criticizing the child for failures and accidents
What should parents do to encourage a sense of control in their children during this stage?
Allow the child to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment
What is the result of children being encouraged and supported in their increased independence during this stage?
They become more confident and secure in their abilities
What is a potential outcome of pressuring someone into an identity?
Rebellion in the form of establishing a negative identity
During which stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development do individuals experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
What is the primary conflict during the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Forming intimate, loving relationships with other people
What is the result of successfully completing the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship
What is the virtue that results from successfully completing the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Love
What is the result of failing to find a way to contribute during the stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation?
Shallow involvement in the world
What is the age range during which the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation takes place?
18 to 40 yrs
What is the primary goal of individuals during the stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation?
To make a positive impact on the world
Study Notes
Erik Erikson: Identity Theory
Life and Work
- Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood.
- Each stage involves a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.
Psychosocial Stage Theory
- Successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues.
- Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self.
- These stages can be resolved successfully at a later time.
Stages of Psychosocial Development
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0 - 1½)
- Psychosocial crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust
- Basic virtue: Hope
- Children develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1½ - 3)
- Psychosocial crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame
- Basic virtue: Will
- Children focus on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
- Success in this stage leads to the virtue of will.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5)
- Psychosocial crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
- Basic virtue: Purpose
- Children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction.
- If given the opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12)
- Psychosocial crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
- Basic virtue: Competency
- Children learn to read and write, do sums, and do things on their own.
- They feel the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies valued by society.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18)
- Psychosocial crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Basic virtue: Fidelity
- Adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40)
- Psychosocial crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Basic virtue: Love
- Young adults form intimate, loving relationships with other people.
- Successful completion of this stage can result in happy relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65)
- Psychosocial crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Basic virtue: Care
- Middle-aged individuals experience a need to create or nurture things that will outlast them.
- They give back to society through raising their children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+)
- Psychosocial crisis: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
- Basic virtue: Wisdom
- Older adults reflect on their lives and feel a sense of satisfaction and contentment, or a sense of regret and despair.
This quiz covers the life and work of Erik Erikson, a renowned psychologist, and his psychosocial stage theory of development. It includes the eight stages of personality development from infancy to adulthood.
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