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Questions and Answers
Which part of the mind contains consciousness, according to the text?
What did Freud define as unconscious strategies to protect oneself from anxious thoughts or feelings?
What is the main characteristic of denial as a defense mechanism?
In the example provided, how does the man react when he hears that his wife has been killed?
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What does displacement involve according to the text?
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What level do defense mechanisms operate at according to the text?
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According to Social Cognitive Theory, which aspect plays a significant role in personality development?
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What did Albert Bandura emphasize as a key element in his theory?
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According to Bandura, what is self-regulation primarily about?
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Which theory focuses on psychological growth, personal awareness, and free will?
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What are the three primary components of Reciprocal Determinism according to Bandura?
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In Social Cognitive Theory, what does self-efficacy refer to?
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According to Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology, psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for __________.
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Alfred Adler introduced the term 'striving for success' to describe the actions of individuals motivated by __________.
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In Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology, each individual is guided by a final goal that is __________.
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According to Erik Erikson's theory, what did he emphasize as a source of energy in itself?
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Erik Erikson, similar to Freud, believed that personality develops in a __________ order.
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In Erik Erikson's theory, he emphasized how socialization affects __________.
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What is the primary focus during the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage according to Erik Erikson's theory?
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What can lead to the feeling of guilt in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage according to Erik Erikson's theory?
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Which psychological tendency characterizes the Trust vs. Mistrust stage in Erik Erikson's theory?
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What is the key outcome for a child who successfully navigates the Industry vs. Inferiority stage according to Erik Erikson's theory?
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Which stage in Erik Erikson's theory focuses on discovering what kind of person one is going to be?
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What differentiates the Identity vs. Identity Confusion stage from the other stages in Erik Erikson's theory?
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According to Carl Rogers, what is the driving force behind human behavior?
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How do trait theories of personality primarily focus on individual differences?
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What did Gordon Allport conclude about personality traits?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of personality traits according to Allport?
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In the context of personality traits, what is a distinguishing quality or characteristic typically belonging to a person?
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What concept did Carl Rogers emphasize as essential in understanding human behavior?
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Study Notes
Consciousness and Unconscious Defense Mechanisms
- Consciousness is located in the conscious part of the mind.
- Freud described unconscious strategies that protect individuals from anxiety as defense mechanisms.
- Denial as a defense mechanism is characterized by refusing to accept reality or facts.
Case Example and Defense Mechanisms
- In response to hearing about his wife's death, the man exhibits extreme denial, showing no emotional reaction.
- Displacement involves shifting negative feelings about one person to another less threatening target.
- Defense mechanisms primarily operate at the unconscious level.
Social Cognitive Theory and Bandura
- Social Cognitive Theory highlights observational learning and imitation as key in personality development.
- Albert Bandura emphasized the importance of social influences and the environment in shaping behavior.
- Self-regulation, according to Bandura, is fundamentally about controlling one's own behavior and emotions.
Theories of Psychological Development
- A theory focusing on psychological growth, personal awareness, and free will is Humanistic Psychology.
- Reciprocal Determinism consists of three primary components: behavior, personal characteristics, and environmental factors.
- Self-efficacy in Social Cognitive Theory refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
- Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for superiority.
- 'Striving for success' in Adler's framework is motivated by the desire to overcome feelings of inferiority.
- Individuals are guided by a final goal that encapsulates their purpose or ambition.
Erik Erikson's Developmental Stages
- Erikson emphasized that energy for personality development stems from social interactions.
- Personality develops in a sequential order through a series of stages.
- Socialization influences the development of virtues and skills throughout these stages.
Autonomy vs. Guilt Stages
- The primary focus during the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt stage is developing a sense of personal control and independence.
- Feelings of guilt in the Initiative vs. Guilt stage arise from overstepping boundaries or failing to achieve tasks.
- Trust vs. Mistrust is characterized by the tendency to foster trust in the world and in caregivers.
Key Outcomes of Erikson's Stages
- Successfully navigating the Industry vs. Inferiority stage leads to a sense of competency and achievement in children.
- The Identity vs. Identity Confusion stage focuses on exploring personal identity and future directions.
- This stage is unique due to its emphasis on self-exploration and the development of a stable identity.
Humanistic Perspectives and Trait Theories
- Carl Rogers identified the driving force behind human behavior as the innate tendency to achieve self-actualization.
- Trait theories focus on individual differences by categorizing stable characteristics that influence behavior.
- Gordon Allport concluded that personality traits are fundamental in understanding how individuals vary in their responses.
Categories and Concepts of Personality Traits
- Allport defined three categories of personality traits: cardinal, central, and secondary traits.
- A distinguishing quality or characteristic typical of a person is referred to as a trait.
- Carl Rogers emphasized the concept of unconditional positive regard as essential in understanding human behavior.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the stages of psychosocial development proposed by Erik Erikson, which describe the psychological conflicts individuals face at different life stages. Explore concepts such as trust vs. mistrust, and how resolving these conflicts shapes one's personality and behavior.
