Questions and Answers
What is one of the surgical treatment options for Peyronie Disease?
Which treatment involves injections aimed at breaking down the Peyronie's plaque?
What is the main purpose of penile implants in the treatment of Peyronie Disease?
Which procedure may be performed if an implant does not straighten the penis on its own?
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What common factor is NOT associated with an increased risk of balanitis?
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What should a patient undergoing XIAFLEX treatment also incorporate to enhance results?
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Which of the following medications is contraindicated when using phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with Peyronie Disease?
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What occurs during the grafting procedure for Peyronie Disease?
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What is the initial treatment recommended for mild cases of balanitis?
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Which of these statements accurately describes plication treatment?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with balanitis?
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Which of the following conditions is a known psychogenic cause of erectile dysfunction?
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What is a common side effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors like sildenafil and tadalafil?
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Which diagnostic method is used to assess blood flow issues in erectile dysfunction?
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What could severe purulent balanitis indicate if it does not improve swiftly with initial treatment?
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What is the first-line treatment for bacteremia in patients over 35 years of age with gram-negative bacteria growth?
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Which organism is the most common cause of chronic prostatitis?
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What is a common symptom of chronic prostatitis?
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Which of the following treatments is recommended for non-gonococcal urethritis?
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In the management of acute glomerulonephritis, what factor is associated with a poor clinical outcome?
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Which of the following statements regarding urethritis is true?
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What is a potential complication of untreated urethritis?
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Which of the following is recommended for treating gonococcal urethritis?
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Which form of glomerulonephritis is characterized by autoantibodies against type IV collagen?
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What is the primary immune response mechanism in pauci-immune acute glomerulonephritis?
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Which staining pattern is commonly associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
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Which type of glomerulonephritis is often associated with hepatitis C virus?
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What is a defining characteristic of monoclonal immunoglobulin–mediated glomerulonephritis?
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Which condition is described as a systemic necrotizing vasculitis associated with granuloma formation?
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What can result in poor outcomes for ANCA-associated and anti-GBM–associated acute glomerulonephritides?
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Which type of glomerulonephritis primarily develops from autoantibodies?
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Which test is NOT typically used for diagnosing monoclonal immunoglobulin-mediated glomerulonephritis?
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What is a hallmark finding in urine that specifically indicates glomerulonephritis?
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C3 glomerulopathy is primarily a result of abnormalities in which complement pathway?
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Which laboratory finding is characteristic of immune complex glomerulonephritis?
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Which condition can present with macroscopic hematuria, although it is uncommon?
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What is a common symptom in patients with acute glomerulonephritis?
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In the context of C3 glomerulopathy, which statement is true regarding serum C3 levels?
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Which of the following is NOT typically associated with glomerulonephritis?
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Study Notes
Erectile Dysfunction
- Defined as the inability to generate or maintain an erection.
- Causes may be psychogenic, neurologic (e.g., diabetes mellitus), vascular (e.g., atherosclerosis), endocrine disorders (e.g., prolactinoma leading to decreased testosterone), or medication-related (e.g., beta blockers).
- Diagnosis involves hormone testing and duplex ultrasound to assess blood flow to the penis.
- Management options include phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors like Sildenafil (Viagra) and Tadalafil (Cialis), but they are contraindicated with nitroglycerin.
- Common side effects of inhibitors are headaches and flushing.
Balanitis
- Inflammation of the glans penis, most frequent in uncircumcised men.
- Commonly caused by Candida with risk factors including morbid obesity, condom catheter use, uncontrolled diabetes, poor hygiene, and certain medications.
- Symptoms include tight, shiny skin, redness, soreness, and discharge under the foreskin (smegma).
- Initial treatment involves topical nystatin for mild cases; severe cases may need oral antibiotics if bacterial infection is present.
Peyronie Disease
- Characterized by a curvature of the penis due to scar tissue formation.
- Surgical treatments include plication, grafting, and implants.
- Nonsurgical options may involve XIAFLEX injections combined with penile exercises.
Chronic Prostatitis
- Most common organism is E. coli (80%), followed by Proteus and Enterococci.
- Symptoms include irritative (frequency, urgency), obstructive (hesitancy, incomplete voiding), and malaise.
- Physical exam reveals a non-tender, boggy prostate.
- Treatment typically involves fluoroquinolones or TMP/SMX for 6 to 12 weeks; alpha blockers may relieve chronic pain.
Urethritis
- Inflammation of the urethra caused by gonococcal and non-gonococcal pathogens (most commonly Chlamydia).
- Symptoms include dysuria and urethral discharge; it may be asymptomatic in early stages.
- Diagnosis through urethral swab PCR, with treatment tailored to the pathogen.
- Gonococcal infection treated with Ceftriaxone, while non-gonococcal infections may be treated with Doxycycline or Azithromycin.
Glomerulonephritis
- Causes approximately 5% of acute kidney injury (AKI) cases.
- Immune complex glomerulonephritis involves autoantibodies forming immune complexes that deposit in glomeruli, including conditions like IgA nephropathy and lupus nephritis.
- Pauci-immune forms, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis, are associated with ANCAs and can have systemic manifestations.
- Symptoms may include hypertension, edema, abnormal urinary sediment, and health changes linked to systemic disease.
- Laboratory evaluation often shows hematuria and proteinuria, with red cell casts being specific to glomerulonephritis.
- Complement levels (C3, C4) may be low in immune complex diseases but are typically normal in pauci-immune and monoclonal immunoglobulin-related conditions.
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of erectile dysfunction, including its causes, diagnosis, and management. It highlights psychogenic, neurologic, vascular, and endocrine disorders, as well as medication effects. Test your knowledge on this important health topic.
