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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic gross finding of tuberculosis in lungs?
What is a characteristic gross finding of tuberculosis in lungs?
Which bacteria are known to cause tuberculosis?
Which bacteria are known to cause tuberculosis?
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for Enzootic Pneumonia in calves?
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for Enzootic Pneumonia in calves?
What type of lesions are characteristic of Mycoplasma bovis infection?
What type of lesions are characteristic of Mycoplasma bovis infection?
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What type of necrosis is observed in the microscopic findings of tuberculosis?
What type of necrosis is observed in the microscopic findings of tuberculosis?
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What is a key component of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis infection?
What is a key component of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis infection?
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What type of cells surround the central areas of caseous necrosis in granulomas?
What type of cells surround the central areas of caseous necrosis in granulomas?
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What is the appearance of multifocal tubercles on the pleura described as?
What is the appearance of multifocal tubercles on the pleura described as?
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What is the result of macrophage death in tuberculosis?
What is the result of macrophage death in tuberculosis?
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Which of the following is a common outcome of hematogenous dissemination in tuberculosis?
Which of the following is a common outcome of hematogenous dissemination in tuberculosis?
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What is the primary cause of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis?
What is the primary cause of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis?
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Which condition is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality among horses?
Which condition is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality among horses?
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What organism is primarily responsible for Rhodococcal pneumonia in foals?
What organism is primarily responsible for Rhodococcal pneumonia in foals?
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Which of the following is a common consequence of Shipping fever in cattle?
Which of the following is a common consequence of Shipping fever in cattle?
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Which pathological finding is associated with Rhodococcal pneumonia in foals?
Which pathological finding is associated with Rhodococcal pneumonia in foals?
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What viral agent is implicated in Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?
What viral agent is implicated in Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?
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What is the characteristic gross appearance of Shipping fever?
What is the characteristic gross appearance of Shipping fever?
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Which of the following is NOT a viral disease listed for horses?
Which of the following is NOT a viral disease listed for horses?
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Which factor is particularly associated with the outbreak of Shipping fever in cattle?
Which factor is particularly associated with the outbreak of Shipping fever in cattle?
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What type of pneumonia is characterized by the presence of neutrophils in the granuloma?
What type of pneumonia is characterized by the presence of neutrophils in the granuloma?
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Which virus is associated with a highly contagious disease in young dogs that causes multisystemic issues including bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
Which virus is associated with a highly contagious disease in young dogs that causes multisystemic issues including bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
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What is the primary causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats?
What is the primary causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats?
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Which diagnostic test is commonly used for antemortem evaluation in suspected tuberculosis cases?
Which diagnostic test is commonly used for antemortem evaluation in suspected tuberculosis cases?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of chylous fluid in the thoracic cavity?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of chylous fluid in the thoracic cavity?
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What organism causes Peste Des Petits Ruminants in sheep and goats?
What organism causes Peste Des Petits Ruminants in sheep and goats?
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What is a typical cytological finding in a dog with chylothorax?
What is a typical cytological finding in a dog with chylothorax?
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Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mannheimia haemolytica?
Which of the following diseases is primarily caused by Mannheimia haemolytica?
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What structure is primarily affected in cases diagnosed with pleuritis?
What structure is primarily affected in cases diagnosed with pleuritis?
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Which parasitic condition typically presents with subpleural nodules in the dorsal region of the caudal lung lobes in small ruminants?
Which parasitic condition typically presents with subpleural nodules in the dorsal region of the caudal lung lobes in small ruminants?
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Study Notes
Horse Viral Diseases
- Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis is an acute respiratory disease that primarily affects foals aged 4 to 8 months.
- Equine Herpes Virus (EHV-1 and EHV-4) causes Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis.
- There are three forms of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis: abortion (in pregnant mares), respiratory, and nervous.
- The respiratory form of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia, which is characterized by non-collapsing lung lobes and rib impressions.
- The nervous form is characterized by vasculitis, ischemia, and myeloencephalopathy.
- Aborted fetuses due to Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis show multifocal areas of necrosis in various organs, including the liver and lungs.
- Equine Influenza is highly contagious and causes respiratory disease in horses.
- Equine Influenza is caused by the Influenza A virus (Orthomyxovirus).
- Equine Influenza has a high morbidity rate, but a relatively low mortality rate.
- Secondary bacterial infections, particularly with Streptococcus equi, are common complications of Equine Influenza.
Horse Bacterial Diseases
- Rhodococcal pneumonia is a granulomatous disease that primarily affects foals.
- Rhodococcus equi (previously known as Corynebacterium equi) causes Rhodococcal pneumonia.
- Rhodococcal pneumonia is grossly characterized by multiple, firm nodules containing caseous necrosis.
- Rhodococcal pneumonia also causes pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis, affecting the bronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes.
- Microscopically, Rhodococcal pneumonia shows pyogranulomatous pneumonia, with granulomas containing neutrophils.
Cattle Viral Diseases
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a viral respiratory disease in cattle.
- Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) causes respiratory disease in cattle.
- Parainfluenza-3 virus and Bovine viral diarrhea virus also cause respiratory disease in cattle.
- Bovine coronavirus is a virus that can cause respiratory disease in cattle.
Cattle Bacterial Diseases
- Shipping fever is an acute respiratory disease that affects cattle after transportation.
- Shipping fever is caused primarily by Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly known as Pasteurella haemolytica).
- Shipping fever presents with fibrinous bronchopneumonia.
- Grossly, shipping fever is characterized by cranioventral hepatization (red and firm lung tissue), fibrin sheets covering the lung surface, hydrothorax, and marbling or mosaic appearance due to multifocal necrosis and interstitial edema.
- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides.
- Mycoplasma bovis causes bronchopneumonia, arthritis, otitis, and mastitis.
- Mycoplasma bovis infection leads to the formation of multifocal nodules with caseous necrosis.
- Histologically, Mycoplasma bovis infection shows multifocal areas of caseous necrosis surrounded by neutrophils.
Cattle- Enzootic Pneumonia
- Enzootic Pneumonia of calves is a multifactorial disease caused by a combination of predisposing factors. These factors include environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, poor air circulation, crowding), stress (immune status, viral infections), and bacterial infections.
Cattle – Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is a zoonotic granulomatous bacterial disease.
- Mycobacterium bovis (cattle), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (human), and Mycobacterium avium (poultry) are the primary bacterial species that cause Tuberculosis.
- Tuberculosis is transmitted through inhalation of aerosol droplets or ingestion of infected materials, like milk.
- Bacteria are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, where they replicate intracellularly, as they are resistant to lysosomal hydrolases.
- Macrophage death and the release of enzymes contribute to caseous necrosis and formation of granulomas.
- Localized lymph nodes may be affected, and hematogenous dissemination (bacteremia) can lead to generalized infection.
- Grossly, Tuberculosis is evident in the lungs as firm, yellow-white nodules (tubercles).
- The cut surface of tubercles shows encapsulation, caseation, and calcification.
- Multifocal tubercles on the pleura are referred to as "pearl disease."
- Caseous nodules may also develop in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
- Widely disseminated multifocal nodules can be found in various organs, including the liver, kidney, intestine, central nervous system, and vertebrae. This condition is referred to as "miliary tuberculosis."
- Microscopically, granulomas are characterized by central areas of caseous necrosis and calcification surrounded by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and Langhans giant cells.
- Langhans giant cells are large, multinucleated cells with horseshoe-shaped nuclei.
- Fibrous connective tissue forms around the granuloma.
Sheep and Goat Viral Diseases
- Ovine Adenovirus causes respiratory disease in sheep.
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes respiratory disease in sheep.
- Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (Maedi) and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) are chronic viral infections.
- Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and Sheep pox are viral diseases that can cause respiratory problems in sheep.
Sheep and Goat Bacterial Diseases
- Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Hemophilus somnus, and Mycoplasma species cause respiratory disease in sheep and goats.
- Caseous lymphadenitis is a bacterial disease that affects sheep and goats.
Sheep and Goat Parasitic Disease
- Mullerius capillaris is a lungworm that can cause respiratory disease in sheep and goats.
- Mullerius capillaris typically leads to the development of subpleural nodules in the dorsal region of the caudal lung lobes.
- Hydatid cysts represent the intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm), which can be found in sheep and goats.
Dog Viral Diseases
- Canine Influenza is a viral respiratory disease in dogs.
- Canine Adenovirus causes respiratory disease in dogs.
- Canine Distemper is a highly contagious disease of young dogs.
- Canine Distemper is caused by a Morbillivirus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, and can affect multiple organ systems.
- Canine Herpesvirus
Dog Viral Diseases
- Canine Distemper is a highly contagious disease that primarily affects young dogs. It is caused by a Morbillivirus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family.
- Canine Distemper is a multisystemic disease affecting the eyes (conjunctivitis), nose (Rhinitis), lungs (Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia), intestines (Enteritis) skin (Parakeratosis of the paws).
- Canine Distemper can also lead to encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Cat Viral Diseases
- Feline Calicivirus is a virus that causes respiratory disease in cats.
- Feline Rhinotracheitis is a viral respiratory disease in cats.
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a serious and often fatal viral disease in cats.
Lung and Pleural Tumors
- Pleuritis is inflammation affecting the pleura, which is the lining of the chest cavity.
- Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of abnormal gas in the chest cavity.
- Hemothorax refers to bleeding into the chest cavity.
- Chylothorax is the accumulation of chylous fluid (lymph) in the chest cavity.
- Hydrothorax is the accumulation of clear fluid in the chest cavity.
- Pyothorax refers to the accumulation of pus in the chest cavity.
- Lung and pleural tumors are relatively rare in animals compared to humans. Metastatic sarcomas (cancerous tumors) are more common, particularly in dogs and cats.
- Epithelial tumors, such as adenomas and carcinomas, can also develop in the lungs and pleura.
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Description
Test your knowledge on equine viral diseases, including Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis and Equine Influenza. This quiz covers various aspects of these viral infections, such as symptoms, affected populations, and complications. Dive into the details and see how well you understand these important issues in equine health.
