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Questions and Answers
Match the term with its function in regards to the equine hoof.
Match the term with its function in regards to the equine hoof.
Perioplic dermis = Produces external shiny coating Coronary dermis = Produces hoof wall thickness Corium = Hoof growth via nourishing germinal epidermis Sole dermis = Produces the sole
Match the term to its location/function, in regards to the fetlock joint in equines.
Match the term to its location/function, in regards to the fetlock joint in equines.
Palmar annular ligament = Retains SDF and DDF Scutum = The DDF tendon slides on this Straight sesamoidean ligament = Attaches proximal sesamoids to proximal and middle phalanges Oblique (and cruciate) sesamoidean ligament = Attaches proximal sesamoids to proximal phalanx
The Navicular bursa is located between what 2 things?
The Navicular bursa is located between what 2 things?
- Distal sesamoid bone and SDF tendon
- Proximal sesamoid bone and SDF tendon
- Distal sesamoid bone and DDF tendon (correct)
- Proximal sesamoid bone and SDF tendon
What connects the biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis muscles within the Stay Apparatus?
What connects the biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis muscles within the Stay Apparatus?
What does the lacertus fibrosus prevent within the Stay Apparatus?
What does the lacertus fibrosus prevent within the Stay Apparatus?
What muscle tendon does the medial and lateral extensor branches of the suspensory ligament (in equines) unite with?
What muscle tendon does the medial and lateral extensor branches of the suspensory ligament (in equines) unite with?
At the level of the fetlock, what does the SDF form that allows the DDF to pass?
At the level of the fetlock, what does the SDF form that allows the DDF to pass?
Name the bursa found at the level of the infraspinatus, in both dogs and horses.
Name the bursa found at the level of the infraspinatus, in both dogs and horses.
Name the bursa found at the level of the Biceps Brachii, in both dogs and horses.
Name the bursa found at the level of the Biceps Brachii, in both dogs and horses.
Within horses, the tendon sheath of the common and lateral digital extensor tendons are located between these muscle and what?
Within horses, the tendon sheath of the common and lateral digital extensor tendons are located between these muscle and what?
The interosseous muscle (AKA: Suspensory ligament) originates at the palmar carpal ligament and proximal palmar surface of MC3. What is its insertion?
The interosseous muscle (AKA: Suspensory ligament) originates at the palmar carpal ligament and proximal palmar surface of MC3. What is its insertion?
What is the chestnut the equivalent of for equines?
What is the chestnut the equivalent of for equines?
What is the Ergot the equivalent of for equines?
What is the Ergot the equivalent of for equines?
The rhythm of movement for _____ will aid the return of blood to the heart, within equines.
The rhythm of movement for _____ will aid the return of blood to the heart, within equines.
Match the number (from the image) to the correct term, in regards to the equine hoof.
Match the number (from the image) to the correct term, in regards to the equine hoof.
Diagnosis of what horse ailment is done using local nerve blocks?
Diagnosis of what horse ailment is done using local nerve blocks?
Nerve paralysis of the ____ nerve is an anesthetic risk for horses that can be life threatening. Therefore, the "downlimb" must be pulled forward to prevent the weight of the chest from compressing this nerve.
Nerve paralysis of the ____ nerve is an anesthetic risk for horses that can be life threatening. Therefore, the "downlimb" must be pulled forward to prevent the weight of the chest from compressing this nerve.
In horses, damage to the suprascapular nerve results in the atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, causing the scapular spine to be visible during examination. What is the name of this ailment?
In horses, damage to the suprascapular nerve results in the atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, causing the scapular spine to be visible during examination. What is the name of this ailment?
Horses are susceptible to Shoulder Sweeney Syndrome due to their lack of what?
Horses are susceptible to Shoulder Sweeney Syndrome due to their lack of what?
In horses, which nerve wraps around the scapular neck from medial to lateral?
In horses, which nerve wraps around the scapular neck from medial to lateral?
Which nerve passes through the carpal canal, in horses, and supplies sensory innervation to the palmar surface of the metacarpus?
Which nerve passes through the carpal canal, in horses, and supplies sensory innervation to the palmar surface of the metacarpus?
In ____, the radial nerve provides sensation to the flexors of the elbow, carpus, and digits.
In ____, the radial nerve provides sensation to the flexors of the elbow, carpus, and digits.
In ____, the radial nerve provides innervation to the triceps and continues to the superficial branch where sensory innervation goes to craniolateral anterbrachium only.
In ____, the radial nerve provides innervation to the triceps and continues to the superficial branch where sensory innervation goes to craniolateral anterbrachium only.
In horses, which nerve supplies cutaneous sensation to the caudal aspect of the antebrachium where it innervates the carpal and digital flexors?
In horses, which nerve supplies cutaneous sensation to the caudal aspect of the antebrachium where it innervates the carpal and digital flexors?
In bovine, which 2 bones are fused?
In bovine, which 2 bones are fused?
What are the weight bearing bones for bovine?
What are the weight bearing bones for bovine?
Bovine lack an intermediate tubercle.
Bovine lack an intermediate tubercle.
Bovine lack an acromion.
Bovine lack an acromion.
What is the term that is defined as: The thoracic limb is held to the body by muscle attachment?
What is the term that is defined as: The thoracic limb is held to the body by muscle attachment?
In small animals, match the nerve root damage with the results.
In small animals, match the nerve root damage with the results.
For the dog autonomous zones, match the nerve to the number.
For the dog autonomous zones, match the nerve to the number.
For the horse autonomous zones, match the term to the number.
For the horse autonomous zones, match the term to the number.
In horses, which nerve supplies cutaneous innervation only to the mediodorsal thoracic limb to the level of the fetlock?
In horses, which nerve supplies cutaneous innervation only to the mediodorsal thoracic limb to the level of the fetlock?
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Study Notes
Equine Hoof and Fetlock Joint Function
- Navicular bursa located between the navicular bone and deep digital flexor tendon.
- The bicipital tendon connects the biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis muscles within the Stay Apparatus.
- Lacertus fibrosus prevents flexion of the elbow joint within the Stay Apparatus.
- Medial and lateral extensor branches of the suspensory ligament unite with the common digital extensor tendon.
- At the fetlock level, the superficial digital flexor (SDF) forms a bursal structure allowing the deep digital flexor (DDF) to pass.
Bursa Locations
- Infraspinatus bursa located in both dogs and horses at the infraspinatus area.
- Biceps Brachii bursa found in both dogs and horses at the region of the biceps brachii muscle.
Tendon Sheath in Horses
- The tendon sheath of the common and lateral digital extensor tendons is located between the extensor muscles and surrounding structures.
Suspensory Ligament Insertion
- The interosseous muscle (Suspensory ligament) originates from the palmar carpal ligament and proximal palmar surface of metacarpal bone 3 (MC3) and inserts on the proximal sesamoid bones.
Equine Anatomical Structures
- Chestnut is the equivalent of the carpal pad in equines.
- Ergot is the equivalent of the digital pad in equines.
- The rhythm of movement of the limbs aids the return of blood to the heart within equines.
Diagnosis and Nerve Anatomy
- Diagnosis of lameness conditions in horses can utilize local nerve blocks.
- Nerve paralysis of the suprascapular nerve poses anesthetic risks for horses.
- "Down limb" must be pulled forward to prevent weight compressing the suprascapular nerve.
- Damage to the suprascapular nerve causes “Shoulder Sweeney Syndrome,” resulting in visible scapular spine during examination.
Nerve Pathways in Horses
- The suprascapular nerve wraps around the scapular neck from medial to lateral.
- The median nerve passes through the carpal canal, supplying sensory innervation to the palmar surface of the metacarpus.
- Radial nerve provides sensation to elbow, carpus, and digits.
- In proximally, the radial nerve innervates the triceps; the sensory continuation goes to the craniolateral antebrachium.
- Medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve supplies sensation to the caudal antebrachium, innervating carpal and digital flexors.
Bovine Anatomy
- In bovines, the radius and ulna bones are fused.
- Weight-bearing bones for bovines include metacarpals 3 and 4.
- Bovine species lack an intermediate tubercle and acromion.
- The term "muscle attachment" describes the thoracic limb being held to the body.
Nerve Root Damage
- Small animal nerve root damage can be matched with specific functional results and the corresponding autonomous zones for both dogs and horses.
Cutaneous Innervation in Horses
- One nerve supplies cutaneous innervation exclusively to the mediodorsal thoracic limb up to the level of the fetlock.
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