Epitopes and Antibodies
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of detection commonly used in molecular recognition?

  • Chemiluminescence (correct)
  • Fluorescence
  • Absorption
  • Radioactivity

What is the primary advantage of using 32P as a radioisotope for detecting DNA and RNA?

  • Low cost
  • Long half-life
  • High emission energy (correct)
  • Easy availability

Which radioactive isotope is commonly used to label proteins and nucleic acids?

  • 14C
  • 32P
  • 35S (correct)
  • 3H

What are the two modes of detection commonly used to probe for the presence of DNA, RNA, or protein?

<p>Fluorescence and radioactivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following radioisotopes has the longest half-life?

<p>C-14 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is most vulnerable to DNA damage from breathing in radioactive material?

<p>Lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum specific activity of 3H?

<p>28.8 Ci/mmol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why isn't bacterial DNA digested by restriction enzymes produced by bacteria?

<p>Bacterial DNA is resistant to restriction enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to detect and localize specific RNA targets in cells and tissue samples?

<p>Fluorescence in situ hybridization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Northern blot?

<p>To determine whether a specific mRNA is present in different cell types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Southern blot and Northern blot?

<p>Southern blot detects DNA while Northern blot detects RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA-FISH?

<p>To detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about restriction enzymes?

<p>They protect bacteria from invasion by foreign DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of restriction enzyme cuts within its recognition sequences?

<p>Type II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Southern blot?

<p>To detect a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique?

<p>To exploit variations in homologous DNA sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about DNA arrays?

<p>DNA molecules are immobilized onto a substrate in the form of spots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of light chains in antibodies?

<p>Constant regions and variable regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme cleaves an antibody into three fragments?

<p>Papain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between complete antigens and incomplete antigens?

<p>Complete antigens contain multiple epitopes, while incomplete antigens contain a single epitope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epitope is common in fibrous proteins?

<p>Continuous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epitope is common in globular proteins and helical structures?

<p>Discontinuous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables antibodies to distinguish between antigens that are chemically very similar?

<p>Overall three-dimensional structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunoassay is better suited for large analyte molecules?

<p>Non-competitive immunoassay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is commonly linked to the secondary antibody in Western Blot detection?

<p>Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred method of detection in Western Blot using substrates?

<p>Detection by chemiluminescent substrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the half-life of a protein be determined in a pulse-chase experiment?

<p>By adding a pulse of 35S followed by a chase of cold methionine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation to calculate the half-life (t1/2) of a protein in a pulse-chase experiment?

<p>t1/2 = ln2 / degradation constant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a biosensor consist of?

<p>A bioreceptor with a specific surface and a transducer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for a biosensor?

<p>Biosensor = molecular recognition + signal transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of detection commonly used in molecular recognition?

<p>Chemiluminescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum specific activity of 32P?

<p>9131 Ci/mmol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA-FISH?

<p>To detect and localize specific RNA targets in cells and tissue samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme cleaves an antibody into three fragments?

<p>Papain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Southern blot?

<p>To detect and analyze specific DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of antibodies?

<p>Polyclonal and Monoclonal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum specific activity of 3H?

<p>100 Ci/mmol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epitope is common in fibrous proteins?

<p>Continuous epitopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Southern blot?

<p>To separate RNA based on size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique?

<p>To identify genetic variations in DNA sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Southern blot and Northern blot?

<p>Southern blot detects DNA, while Northern blot detects RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following radioisotopes has the shortest half-life?

<p>S-35 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of radiation sickness?

<p>Increased production of red and white blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum theoretical specific activity of 3H?

<p>28.8 Ci/mmol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using 32P as a radioisotope for detecting DNA and RNA?

<p>High energy beta emissions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is used to detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes?

<p>DNA-FISH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a DNA microarray?

<p>To detect and localize specific RNA targets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a Southern blot and a Northern blot?

<p>Southern blot detects DNA, while Northern blot detects RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique?

<p>To detect length variations in DNA fragments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about restriction enzymes?

<p>Restriction enzymes protect bacteria from invasion by foreign DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Southern blot?

<p>To detect a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA ligase in the DNA backbone?

<p>To seal the nicks between the two strands and reform covalent phosphodiester bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique?

<p>To exploit variations in homologous DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is commonly linked to the secondary antibody in Western Blot detection?

<p>Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation to calculate the half-life (t1/2) of a protein in a pulse-chase experiment?

<p>t1/2 = ln2 / γ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a biosensor?

<p>A device that consists of a bioreceptor and a transducer to detect a target analyte and pass on a signal when recognition occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a class of antibodies?

<p>IgB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular weight of the light chains in an antibody?

<p>25kDa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme cleaves an antibody into two F(ab)2 fragments?

<p>Pepsin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an antibody?

<p>To identify and neutralize pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epitope is common in globular proteins and helical structures?

<p>Conformational epitopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Northern blot?

<p>To detect and localize specific RNA targets in cells and tissue samples (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum specific activity of 32P?

<p>High (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Southern blot?

<p>To analyze the presence of HIV antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to detect and localize specific RNA targets in cells and tissue samples?

<p>Fluorescence in situ hybridization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA-FISH?

<p>To detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Northern blot?

<p>To determine whether a specific mRNA is present in different cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Southern blot?

<p>To detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following radioisotopes has the shortest half-life?

<p>S-35 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum specific activity of 125I?

<p>44 2,176 Ci/mmol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum specific activity of 3H?

<p>28.8 Ci/mmol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a safety measure when using radioactivity in the lab?

<p>Handle potentially volatile chemical forms in ventilated enclosures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of restriction enzymes?

<p>They cleave methylated DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of finding a target of 7 bases?

<p>1/4096 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of restriction enzyme cuts outside of its recognition sequence?

<p>Type IIs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Southern blot?

<p>To detect a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used mode of detection in molecular recognition?

<p>Mass spectrometry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of introducing a radioactive isotope into DNA, RNA, or protein for quantification purposes?

<p>To label the DNA, RNA, or protein for detection purposes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following radioisotopes is commonly used to detect very small amounts of DNA, RNA, or protein?

<p>35S (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum specific activity of 32P, a commonly used radioisotope for detecting DNA and RNA?

<p>9131 Ci/mmol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the detection of proteins using chemiluminescent substrates in Western Blot?

<p>Chemiluminescent substrates have a higher sensitivity compared to colored precipitates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation to calculate the half-life ((t_{1/2})) of a protein in a pulse-chase experiment?

<p>(t_{1/2} = \frac{ln2},{\gamma}) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of detection commonly used in molecular recognition?

<p>Absorption of UV and visible light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a biosensor?

<p>To detect a target analyte and pass on a signal when recognition occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about a bioreceptor?

<p>A bioreceptor must react specifically with an analyte of interest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using chemiluminescent substrates in Western Blot detection?

<p>Higher sensitivity and wider dynamic range. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers
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