Questions from LABS

Maria has frequent urinary infections from a urinary form of E-coli that attaches to and infects the cells lining her ureter and bladder. The type of epithelium that lines the ureter and bladder of the urinary tract and is specific to the urinary tract is which of the following?

Which of the following types of epithelium provides the greatest degree of protection against abrasion and friction in the body?

A defect in which of the following cellular structures is frequently associated with chronic respiratory infections, situs inversus, and male infertility? _____.

The protein claudin would be found in which of the following structures?

Cholera toxin causes the opening of an intercellular junction which normally acts as a permeability barrier (seal) preventing proteins and other substances from passing between the cells through the intercellular space. The junction which normally forms an impermeable seal or barrier between the adjacent cells is which of the following? _____

Coordination of embryonic development commonly requires the passage of small regulatory molecules less than 2 nm diameter between embryonic epithelial cells by an intercellular junction which has an aqueous channel or pore connecting the cytoplasm of the cells. Which of the following intercellular junctions is likely involved?

In Goodpasture's disease the immune system secretes antibodies which attack the basal lamina of the epithelial cells of the kidney glomeruli and the alveoli of the lung. These antibodies would be attacking which of the following molecules which would be found in large amounts in the lamina densa of the basal lamina? _____

Abundant basal infoldings of the plasma membrane in close proximity to numerous elongated mitochondria is characteristic of cells that are involved in: _____

A gland has a mode of secretion in which the only the secretory product is lost as the secretion. This mode of secretion is best described by which of the following?

A process in which one type of epithelium changes reversibly to a different type of epithelium because of chronic stress factors in its environment such as smoke particles or chronic infection is referred to as which of the following?

Jose is rushed to the hospital following eating octopus at a local sea food restaurant. He is diagnosed as having had an immediate hypersensitivity reaction and anaphylaxis. Which of the following cells is most likely directly responsible for his condition?

Ten minutes after adding fluorescently labeled hydroxyproline to a cell culture of connective tissue cells, the experimenter observes that one of the cell types is heavily labeled for the hydroxyproline. This cell would likely be which of the following?

Miguel, a wildlife biologist suffers an immediate hypersensitivity reaction after being bitten by a slow loris (pigmy sloth) due to components in its saliva. His symptoms include vasodilation of his venules and difficulty breathing due to constriction of smooth muscle in his bronchioles. Release of which of the following molecules is most directly responsible?

Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is transported to the luminal surface of the milk producing cells in the breast and helps convey maternal immunity to the infant. This IGA is synthesized by which of the following cells?

Water in the ground substance of connective tissue proper is bound primarily to which of the following?

Elaine, a 40-year-old secretary dies of catastrophic rupture of her aorta due to weakness in the elastic lamellae in the wall of her heart. A mutation in which of the following molecules is likely to have caused her condition?

Jorge while playing soccer suffers a tear or rupture of a tendon in his left knee. The injury is affecting which of the following connective tissues (CT)?

A pathologist is examining a slide of the dermis taken from a patient with melanoma. He observes a tissue characterized by large diameter coolagen fibers running in all different directions with few cell and only small amounts of ground substance between the cells and fibers. He is looking at which of the following tissue types?

Which of the following molecules is required for the proper formation of cross-links between the three polypeptide chains of the collagen molecule?

Blocking of the binding of IgE to the plasma membrane would most affect the function of which of the following cells?

The HSV-1 virus will be able to move from the skin and infect the neurons using which of the following mechanisms?

Which of the following events occurs immediately after an action potential reaches the structure inside the circle?

Which of the following organelle or structure is NOT present in the region labelled X?

The organ presented in the image stained with H&E is the:

The main function of the structure in the image is:

A patient with Hirschsprung disease is most likely to present which of the following anatomical-histological characteristics?

A 60 year-old-male is taken to the emergency room because he fell while walking in the street. He is also presenting tremors, shuffling gait, and masklike facial expression. What is the likely neurological condition that you would suspect?

Which is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the outside of a peripheral nerve?

A 22 year old-man receives a traumatic compression injury to his radial nerve during a motorcycle crash. He showed an advancing Tinel sign. Which of the following characterizes regeneration of axons after this nerve injury?

A new drug is developed that prevents the demyelinization occurring in the progress of multiple sclerosis. The drug protects the cells responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system. These cells are most likely which of the following?

Psorias results from increased division of the stem cells in the epidermis. The major cell type that divides and differentiates to give the different layers of the epidermis is which of the following?

The major cell involved in immunological surveillance and antigen-presentation in the epidermis of skin is which of the following?

Albinism and a lack or reduction in pigmentation of the skin is frequently associated with a mutation or loss of which of the following molecules?

Which of the following structures or cells is found in the dermis in the dermal papillae and acts as a receptor for light touch?

The epithelial cell or structure primarily responsible for the waterproofing of the epidermis of skin is which of the following?

The reticular layer of the dermis of skin is composed of which of the following connective tissue types?

A pathologist is examining a slide of skin from the palm of the hand. Which of the following structures would he expect to see?

Two point sensory discrimination in skin is associated with which of the following cells or structures?

Keratohyaline granules are observed in which of the following layers?

Which of the following is not a major determinant of skin color or pigmentation in the skin in any specific region of the body?

Which of the following would occur in the formation of long bones?

Which of the following most accurately describes compact bone?

Which "zone" of endochondral ossification in the growing femur of an adolescent is the farthest from that bone's secondary ossification center?

A 25-year-old man presents with persistent joint pain and a history of recurrent fractures of each humerus. His hematocrit and complete blood count (CBC) are normal, but blood calcium levels are high. Hormone levels are all within normal ranges except Parathyroid hormone (PTH) that exceeds normal by threefold. Which of the following could be prescribed to offset the effects of the elevated PTH?

A 25-year-old man presents with persistent joint pain and a history of recurrent fractures of each humerus. His hematocrit and complete blood count (CBC) are normal, but blood calcium levels are high. Hormone levels are all within normal ranges except Parathyroid hormone (PTH) that exceeds normal by threefold. Which of the following cell type does not have PTH receptors? Which cell is mainly responsible for the increase in blood calcium?

A 42-year-old woman, who has been a type 1 diabetic for 30 years, falls when she trips over the vacuum cleaner hose. She tried to break her fall by placing her hand out to save herself and in the process her wrist was forced backward, breaking her radius near the wrist. Which of the following is produced in the first step in healing this bone injury?

Which type of cartilage is present in the intervertebral disc?

Which type of cartilage is present in the articular (synovial) joint?

A 7 year-old boy, with bone deformities a barrel-shaped chest, and the sclera thinner and with blue/grey appearance. Genetic testing detected a mutation in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes. Which is the most likely diagnoses?

What is the source of the progenitor cells activated for the repair of hyaline cartilage of accident-damaged costal cartilages?

Name the cells at the end of the arrows? What is the function of these cells?

A mutation of the protein encoding the proton pumps (TCIRG1) causes bones to be very fragile and break easily. Which of the following cells will be affected?

A mutation of the protein encoding the proton pumps (TCIRG1) causes bones to be very fragile and break easily. What function will be mainly impaired?

A mutation of the protein encoding the proton pumps (TCIRG1) causes bones to be very fragile and break easily. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following structures is characterized by the presence of the actin-cross-linking molecule alpha-actinin?

Which of the following characteristics is unique to skeletal muscle?

A pathologist is examining a slide of cardiac muscle and notes the presence of intercalated disks. Which of the following is true of intercalated disks?

The state of rigor in skeletal muscle results from which of the following?

Which of the following muscle cell components helps spread the depolarization of the muscle cell membranes throughout the interior of skeletal muscle cells?

A patient is admitted to the emergency room with a heart attack. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of cardiac troponin I in the blood. This patient has most likely had direct damage to which of the following?

Maria, a 25-year-old office worker comes to his doctor complaining of rapid skeletal muscle weakness and muscle fatigue following almost any physical activity. This usually goes away following rest. She also complains of problems with vision including double-vision. She says this has been going on for several months. The doctor further notices that her eyelids droop. She is diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis. This results from which of the following?

Weight-training to increase strength in the arms will be expected to do which of the following:

Smooth muscle is characterized by:

Which of the following structures is unique to smooth muscle?

Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes:

Which of the following cell types gives rise to both memory and effector cells and is associated with humoral immunity?

Which of the following statements about T Lymphocytes is correct?

Which of the following statements about IgG is correct?

An investigator injects an experimental animal with a newly discovered bacterial strain to evaluate T-lymphocyte activation. It is found that bacterial engulfment by macrophages results in the presentation of bacterial-derived peptide ligands to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Which of the following cell-surface molecules on the macrophage is most directly involved in the presentation of the processed peptides?

A 25 year old male is infected with the virus that causes hepatitis type B. Many of the hepatocytes are affected. A biopsy of the liver will show abundance of which of the following cells types

A 37-year-old man who is an avid outdoorsman presents to the hospital complaining of bloating, malaise, flatulence, and foul-smelling, fatty stools. A brief history reveals that the patient recently went hiking and drank unfiltered water from a mountain stream. As part of the immune response, IgA neutralizes the parasite involved in this patient's presentation. Which of the following is the major location of IgA production in this patient?

Which of the following structures is partially encapsulated and covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A baby is born with a cleft palate and a condition called DiGeorge syndrome, which involves failure of third and fourth pharyngeal pouch derivatives to develop properly. The palate defect is corrected surgically, but regarding the pharyngeal pouch defect the parents are advised that the growing child may expect which of the following health problems?

Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired in aged patients. Which lymphoid organ is normally better developed in a 6 year old child that a 30 year old adult?

Which of the following statements about the epithelial reticular cells of the thymus is FALSE? They:

Which of the following statements concerning Hassall's corpuscles is TRUE? They:

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his mother reports that he was bitten by a neighbor's dog 2 days earlier. The child's right hand is lacerated between the thumb and index finger and this area is inflamed but healing. The doctor's examination reveals small but painless swellings beneath the skin inside the right elbow and armpit and he explains to the mother that these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to the infection in the hand. What has produced the swelling?

After their maturation in the thymus and release into the circulation, T lymphocytes migrate preferentially to which of the following sites?

A 9 year old boy is taken to the pediatrician because of delayed growth and frequent episodes of pain. After several test it is shown that the boy is suffering from sickle cell anemia. In which area of his body are the abnormal erythrocytes being destroyed by phagocytosis?

Recycling of iron and heme, the major complex containing iron, occurs most actively in which of the following lymphoid organ?

Which of the following vessels is characterized by a well-organized tunica media with 1 - 3 layers of smooth muscle and controls the distribution of blood to the capillary beds?

A 45-year-old woman has a neuroglioma tumor. Many chemotherapy drugs that would be used to treat tumors elsewhere cannot be used because of the blood brain barrier. The blood brain barrier is maintained by which of the following types of vessels or types of cells?

Ischemic heart disease (myocardial infarction) is usually caused by which of the following?

Vasa vasorum are associated with which of the following?

Which layer is thickest in the wall of veins?

How does the electrical impulse pass from the Purkinje fibers to the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers?

Which of the following vessels originates as a blind-ended vessel in the connective tissue?

Some atrial cells contain small dense-cored granules containing atrial natriuretic factor (auriculin, atriopeptin) and brain natriuretic factor. These substances are important for which of the following?

Marfan's syndrome results from a mutation in fibrillin 1 and effects elastic tissue formation. It would be expected to have the most catastrophic effect on which of the following vessels?

Spreading of the electrical impulse between cardiac cells would be affected most by a mutation in which of the following molecules or factors?

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptor cells is FALSE? They:

The cell type in the olfactory epithelium whose nuclei are positioned most apically is the:

Which cells proliferate to replace lost olfactory cells?

In the respiratory system which epithelial cell surface specialization is used to move mucous and particles along the surface?

Nasal mucosa includes:

Which of following structures is NOT lined with pseudostratified columnar, ciliated epithelium?

C-shaped rings that form the framework of the trachea and help keep it open are composed of:

Name the structure with the A in its lumen.

Researchers discovered that when patients with asthma inhale odors emanating from substances that have a bitter taste, they can breathe more easily. The taste receptors that respond to bitter substances are located on smooth muscle cells of which structure?

A clinical study is conducted of patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study found increased amounts of CC16 molecules in the blood, and concluded that this is an indicator of lung damage. CC16 is secreted by:

The respiratory portion is the part where _____ _____ occurs.

Alveolar type II cells are:

Which of the following is true of pulmonary surfactant?

The minimal blood-air barrier consists of which of the following?

A baby born after 26 weeks of gestation presents with labored breathing in the delivery room. The mother did not receive prenatal care. Had the mother received proper prenatal care, what would have been the appropriate preventive treatment?

A teenage girl presents at the hospital emergency department with paroxysms of dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. Her parents indicate that she had these "attacks" during the past winter and that they have worsened and become more frequent during the spring. Which of the following cell types and their location is correctly matched to a function it may perform in this patient's disorder?

A 28-year-old man is diagnosed with a testicular germ cell tumor. The tumor is surgically removed, and he begins chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin. Bleomycin chemotherapy is known to affect the lung blood-air barrier. Which of the following best describes the structural site of those effects?

Marie, a 37-year-old office worker, has frequent urinary infections with uropathological E. coli bacteria. These bacteria attach to a protein called uroplakin. Uroplakin is found in the epithelium of which of the following?

Under conditions of antidiuresis (in the presence of ADH) the fluid within which of the following tubules would be expected to be isotonic?

Which structures comprise a renal (kidney) lobule?

The basal lamina of the glomerular filtration barrier is cleaned of cellular debris and antigen-antibody complexes by phagocytic activity of which cell type?

Which cell type comprises the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?

Which feature is characteristic of juxtamedullary nephrons but not cortical nephrons?

Urine analysis in a patient by dipstick analysis shows high levels of protein in the urine. Blood tests show high levels of creatine and blood urea nitrogen. These symptoms are suggestive of which of the following?

Although small amounts of hemoglobin and small plasma proteins may pass through the renal filtration apparatus into the forming urine these proteins are not normally seen during urine analysis. This is mainly due to which of the following?

Miguel, a 55-year-old engineer, presents with blurred vision, angina (pain in chest), headaches, and frequent spells of dizziness. Measurement of his blood pressure shows values greater than 180/120 and he is diagnosed as having malignant hypertension. This condition is often caused by hypersecretion of renin due to segmental, unilateral, or bilateral renal ischemia. In the diagram below which of the labelled cells secrete renin?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) would act primarily on which of the following structures?

A 45-year-old male patient with stomach cancer has part of his fundic stomach removed by gastrectomy. Which of the following is likely clinical complication of the gastrectomy?

A pathologist observes a region of an organ in which metaplasia has occurred in which a normal stratified squamous epithelium has changed to become a simple columnar epithelium. This could occur in which of the following organs?

A scientist administers a drug that targets dividing cells and stem cells. Dividing stem cells would be present in which of the following regions?

Which of the following cells is characterized by eosinophilic granules and the synthesis and release of lysozyme and alpha-defensins?

A digestive epithelial cell that is characterized by microfolds on its luminal surface and an indented basal surface in which lymphocytes are normally present is which of the following?

A pathologist is examining a slide of an organ characterized by a muscularis externa containing both striated muscle and smooth muscle. The organ is which of the following?

Pepe is a 45-year-old patient who has complained of severe digestive problems and pain. Lab tests show that he has elevated levels of gastrin. Gastrin is produced by which of the following cells?

Which of the labeled cells in the micrographs produces pepsinogen as a major product?

Which of the following characteristics would allow the ileum to be identified?

Strands of longitudinally-oriented smooth muscle called taenia coli are characteristic of the muscularis externa of which of the following organs?

Which of the following cell types secretes/produces large amounts of plasma proteins?

A pathologist is examining a slide in which he observes both serous and mucous secreting acini and intercalated ducts and striated ducts. The serous secreting acini predominate as compared to the mucous secreting acini. He is observing which of the following?

Which one of the following statements about liver sinusoids is true?

Which one of the labeled structures in the micrograph delivers oxygen rich blood to the liver cells?

Which one of the following organs is characterized by a highly folded mucosal layer, lamina propria layer, and muscularis and functions in both the concentration and storage of a required digestive product?

The cell labeled X secretes _____ under the influence of the hormone _____?

A common problem in medicine is drug tolerance. This is the situation in which the body becomes more efficient in breaking down a drug thus resulting in a need to increase the concentration of the drug to achieve the same optimal effect. Which of the following organelles in the liver plays a major role in drug detoxification?

Which statement best describes the bile canaliculi? It is:

Which of the following statements about pancreatic exocrine secretion is CORRECT?

Which structure is located at the center of a classic anatomical liver lobule?

Oxytocin promotes contraction of the myoepithelial cell of the mammary gland for the milk-ejection reflex. When a baby sucks at the breast of the mother, this sensory stimulation triggers the responses that eventually affect electrical activity of neurons in the hypothalamus and the signal for oxytocin secretion. Which of the following cells synthetize this hormone?

Which of the following is a major product of these cells?

Pregnant women, who have begun labor but it's not progressing, are often given intravenous Pitocin to stimulate uterine contraction. Pitocin is a trade name for the hormone oxytocin. Which of the following structures store and release oxytocin?

What hormones might be located in the granules?

Iodination of the thyroglobulin within the thyroid gland occurs at which of the following:

The hormone produced by the cells at the end of the arrow has which of the following functions?

The histological appearance of the thyroid gland being overstimulated by TSH would show which of the following characteristics?

The gland in the image produces an active hormone. Which of the following statements about the effect of the hormone is correct?

The pineal gland releases _____ melatonin when light is detected and _____ melatonin when little to no light is detected.

A large tumor of the adenohypophysis is removed from a 44-year-old-male patient, resulting in a reduction in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production. Which of the following would be reduced in secretion of the adrenal gland?

This is an electron micrograph of a cell in the Adrenal cortex that synthesizes mineralocorticoids. Which of the following statements about mineralocorticoids is NOT TRUE?

Addison disease (or adrenal cortex insufficiency) is a disorder, usually autoimmune in origin, which can cause degeneration and cell loss in the adrenal glands. Fludrocortisone is a mineralocorticoid used to treat Addison patients. Response to this drug indicates which region of the adrenal glands was involved in the disease?

A 35-year-old female patient with elevated levels plasma Metanephrines is evaluated with an abdominal CT scan. The final diagnosis is Pheochromocytoma that is a tumor of which of the following organ?.

In response to low levels of blood glucose, which of the following cells secretes glucagon?

Which stage of ovarian follicle development is characterized by an initial period of follicular fluid accumulation?

Which of the following is characteristic of granulosa lutein cells?

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for inducing ovulation?

Which feature is characteristic of the corpora albicans but not of atretic follicles?

What are the other names for uterine tubes?

Where does fertilization of the egg typically occur?

A 17-year-old girl with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease presents at the emergency department with severe pain in her lower right side that came on fairly quickly. Upon questioning, she replies that her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago and that she has never missed a period before. The doctor suspects she has an ectopic pregnancy and this is quickly confirmed by ultrasound testing. The surgeon removes her right uterine tube that is inflamed, scarified, and contains the implanted embryonic tissue in the region where fertilization normally occurs. Where is this?

Endometrial glands coiled and corkscrew shape are characteristics of which phase of the uterus during the woman's menstrual cycle?

A 42-year-old woman visits her physician complaining of recurrent vaginal yeast infections. The doctor explains the likelihood that the woman's vaginal lining is temporarily out of proper acid-base balance, leading to the increased susceptibility to yeast infections. The normally low pH in the vagina is maintained by which of the following?

Endometrial glands are typically most fully developed and filled with product during which day(s) or phase of a woman's menstrual cycle?

Name the circled structure in the image.

Which graph represents the causative agent that triggers the primary oocyte to complete meiosis?

Which graph represents the detailed progesterone levels during the cycle?

The basal layer of the uterine endometrium:

Which feature is characteristic of the endometrium's basal layer but not of its functional layer?

This gland has an important role in providing passive immunity mainly with:

Most lipid in milk is released from cells by which mechanism?

Which of the structures conveys spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis?

While studying a germ cell line developed from a patient's testicular biopsy, the researcher notes that colchicine-treated cells blocked in metaphase have 46 chromosomes. From which of the following regions of the male genital tract would you expect these cells to have originated?

Which of the following regions contains germ cells?

A 29-year-old man presents with testicular pain and a burning sensation during urination. Tests reveal the presence of Neisseria gonorrhea, and penicillin is prescribed. Gonorrhea often produces acute or chronic inflammation of the testes and frequently involves the channels that connect the testis to the epididymis. What is the name of these channels?

Which of the following is the thickest component of the cornea?

A 60-year-old man goes to the ophthalmologist, he has not had a full eye exam in many years. He complains of eye pain, blurry vision that is worst in the periphery. Using tonometry his intraocular eye pressure is elevated in both eyes. What is the most likely condition?

A 48 year-old secretary gets to the doctor's office complaining of frequent headaches. She has problems focusing on close objects and blurred vision at normal reading distance, needing to hold objects farther away. Her doctor tells her that it is probably presbyopia, that occurs as natural part of aging. Which is the main reason this occurs?

Which description is accurate for lens fibers?

Cataracts are very common in elderly patients. They represent opacities that affect the function of which of the following structures?

The patient is a 50 year-old diabetic male, suffers from asthma and has been taking corticosteroids for several months. He visits his ophthalmologist complaining of clouded, blurred vision, seeing "halos" around lights, trouble seeing at night and sensitivity to light and glare. Fundic observation of the retina detects no problem. What is the likely diagnosis for this individual?

A 68-year old school teacher goes to her doctor complaining of blurred vision and difficulty with reading or recognizing faces. She also reported that she has reduced central vision. What is the most likely condition of this patient?

Meniere's disease is a disorder characterized by recurring attacks of disabling vertigo (a false sensation of moving or spinning), fluctuating hearing loss in lower frequencies, and noise in the ear (tinnitus). Which of the following is a possible cause of this disease?

Which cells in the inner ear are involved in detecting movements of the head?

During a boxing match, a 23-year-old fighter sustains a direct blow to the right ear. He presents with dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, and fullness in the ears. His vertigo increases with activity and is relieved by rest. He has some hearing loss. The symptoms worsen with coughing, sneezing, or blowing his nose, as well as with exertion. He is diagnosed with perilymphatic fistula, which allows leakage of perilymph. In which of the following structures is perilymph normally found?

The epithelial cells within the organ of Corti are supported by which of the following structures?