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Questions and Answers
What is another name for transitional epithelial cells?
What cell sizes are transitional epithelial cells typically classified as?
Which of the following conditions can lead to increased transitional epithelial cells?
What is a distinguishing feature of renal tubular epithelial cells compared to amorphous cells?
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Which type of cell is characterized by a rectangular, polyhedral, or cuboidal shape with an eccentric nucleus?
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Which cells are classified as mononuclear cells?
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What type of urine condition is associated with the presence of ghost cells?
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What is a typical source of error when examining urine samples?
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What remedy is suggested for reducing sources of error in urine analysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of red blood cells (RBCs)?
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What is the size range of squamous epithelial cells?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with the presence of tubular injury?
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What type of bodies are identified with lipid stains?
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How can bubble cells be characterized?
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Which microscopy technique is used to identify cholesterol in renal tubular fat?
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Where are squamous epithelial cells primarily found?
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What structural form is observed in severe yeast infections?
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What defines the primary characteristic of RTE cells with non-lipid vacuoles?
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Which of the following pairs is correctly associated with renal tubular fat bodies?
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Which of the following is a known marker for urinary bladder cancer?
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What is the shape and movement characteristic of Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which of the following parasites is not mentioned in association with urine?
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What description accurately matches the appearance of spermatozoa?
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When Trichomonas vaginalis is not moving, it may resemble which of the following?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with yeast infections?
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What is identified by Hansel stain?
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What does 2% acetic acid primarily lyse in the context of distinguishing cells?
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What is the motion type described for Trichomonas vaginalis?
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What does the Gram stain differentiate?
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Which stain is used to identify free fat droplets and lipids in cells?
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What does Prussian blue stain identify in cells?
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What is the significance of a carbocyanine stain?
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What condition is indicated by a significant number of eosinophils in urine?
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Which of the following is predominantly stained by Phenathridine?
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Study Notes
Squamous epithelial cells
- RTE cells with abundant, irregular cytoplasm and prominent nucleus
- Found in the lining of:
- vagina
- female urethra
- lower male urethra
- Associated with:
- Tubular injury
- Variations
- OFB: Also known as renal tubular fat bodies
- Lipid containing RTE cells
- Seen in lipiduria (nephrotic syndrome)
- Identified by:
- Lipid stains: TAG & Neutral fats
- Polarizing microscope: Cholesterol-MALTESE CROSS formation
- Bubble cell:
- RTE cell with non-lipid vacuoles
- Injured cells with dilated endoplasmic reticulum
- Seen in acute tubular necrosis
Transitional epithelial cells
- Also known as urothelial or bladder cells
- Found in:
- renal pelvis
- calyces
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- proximal urethra
- Increased in:
- Catheterization: singly, pairs, or clumps (syncytia)
- Abnormal morphology
- Malignancy or viral infection
Renal tubular epithelial cells
- Proximal tubular epithelial cells
- Found in the lining of renal tubules
- Rectangular, polyhedral, cuboidal, or columnar with eccentric nucleus
- May be stained by:
- bilirubin
- hemosiderin
- RTE cells from the DCT may be mistaken for WBCs
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- NV = 0-5 or 0-8 / HPF
- Increased numbers indicate:
- presence of infection or inflammation
- Neutrophils:
- Most predominant
- Granulated and multilobed
- In hypotonic urine:
- Swell
- Granules undergo movement, producing a sparkling appearance (glitter cells)
- When dying, form blebs and finger-like projections (myelin forms)
- Eosinophils
- NV = 4%
- Significant= >4%
- Associated with:
- Allergic interstitial nephritis (AIN)
- Drug-induced nephritis
- Acute pyelonephritis (APN)
- Mononuclear cells
- Lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, histiocytes
- Normally present in small numbers
- Increased lymphocytes: Renal transplant rejection
- Increased monocytes and histiocytes: Chronic inflammation and radiation therapy
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- NV = 0-2 or 0-3 / HPF
- Smooth, non-nucleated, biconcave disks
- Hypertonic urine: Shrink
- Hypotonic urine: Swell (ghost cells)
- Glomerular membrane damage: Dysmorphic with projections or fragmented
- Source of error: Yeasts, oil droplets, air bubbles, Monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals
- Remedy for source of error: Add 2% acetic acid (lyses RBCs but not others)
2% Acetic Acid
- Lyses RBCs and enhances nuclei of WBCs
- Distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeast, oil droplets, and crystals
Lipid stains
- Stain TAG and neutral fats orange-red
- Identify free fat droplets, lipid containing cells and casts
Gram Stain
- Differentiates Gram positive and negative bacteria
- Identifies bacterial casts
Hansel stain
- Stains eosinophilic granules
- Identifies urinary eosinophils
Prussian blue
- Rous test
- Stains structures containing iron
- Identifies hemosiderin granules
Phenathridine
- Stains DNA blue
Carbocyanine
- Stains nuclear membranes, mitochondria, and cell membranes
Bacteria
- True UTI: E. coli
- Most common cause of UTI: E. coli
- Can also be caused by:
- Staphylococcus
- Enterococcus
- Motility differentiates them from amorphous urates & phosphates
Yeasts
- True yeast infection: Candida albicans
- Small, refractile oval structure that may or may not bud
- Branching, mycelial forms are seen in severe infections
- Associated with:
- Diabetes mellitus (DM)
- Vaginal moniliasis
Parasites
- Trichomonas vaginalis:
- Most frequently encountered parasite in urine.
- Pear-shaped flagellate with jerky motility
- Agent of ping-pong disease
- Reporting: Rare, few, moderate, many /HPF
- When not moving, may resemble WBC, TEC, or RTE
- Other parasites seen:
- Trichuris
- Strongyloides
- Giardia
- Various amoeba
- Various insects/bugs (lice, fleas, bedbugs, mites, ticks)
Spermatozoa
- Oval, slightly tapered head
- Long, flagella-like tail
- After sexual intercourse
Urinary Bladder Cancer Markers
- NMP - Nuclear Matrix Protein
- BTA - Bladder Tumor Antigen
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics and significance of various types of epithelial cells, including squamous and transitional epithelial cells in renal pathology. It covers their locations, associations with conditions like nephrotic syndrome, and identification methods. Ideal for students and professionals in medical and biological sciences.
