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Questions and Answers
Which term best describes an involuntary spasmodic contraction of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body?
Which term best describes an involuntary spasmodic contraction of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body?
- Epilepsy
- Seizure
- Convulsion (correct)
- Aetiology
What is the primary (idiopathic) cause of epilepsy characterized by?
What is the primary (idiopathic) cause of epilepsy characterized by?
- Trauma
- Roughly 50% of epilepsy cases
- Distinct cause is identified
- Cause cannot be determined (correct)
Which mechanism of action is associated with antiseizure pharmacotherapy?
Which mechanism of action is associated with antiseizure pharmacotherapy?
- Delaying an influx of chloride ions
- Stimulating an influx of sodium ions
- Stimulating an influx of chloride ions (correct)
- Delaying an influx of potassium ions
What is the primary use of Succinimides in treating seizures?
What is the primary use of Succinimides in treating seizures?
Which drug is considered the prototype drug for Succinimides?
Which drug is considered the prototype drug for Succinimides?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Amino Acid Compounds in treating seizures?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Amino Acid Compounds in treating seizures?
What is a common adverse effect of all anti-epileptic drugs?
What is a common adverse effect of all anti-epileptic drugs?
Which drug works by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes and is useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures?
Which drug works by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes and is useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures?
Which drug interacts with many other drugs, impairing their efficacy, and is used to treat a wide range of seizure types including absence seizures?
Which drug interacts with many other drugs, impairing their efficacy, and is used to treat a wide range of seizure types including absence seizures?
Which category of drugs primarily causes profound CNS depression, has a low therapeutic index, and a high potential for dependence?
Which category of drugs primarily causes profound CNS depression, has a low therapeutic index, and a high potential for dependence?
What is the primary cause of epilepsy for roughly 50% of cases?
What is the primary cause of epilepsy for roughly 50% of cases?
Which type of seizure was formerly known as grand mal seizures?
Which type of seizure was formerly known as grand mal seizures?
What is the primary goal of antiseizure pharmacotherapy?
What is the primary goal of antiseizure pharmacotherapy?
Which mechanism of action is associated with drugs used in antiseizure pharmacotherapy?
Which mechanism of action is associated with drugs used in antiseizure pharmacotherapy?
Which drug class primarily causes profound CNS depression, has a low therapeutic index, and a high potential for dependence?
Which drug class primarily causes profound CNS depression, has a low therapeutic index, and a high potential for dependence?
Which drug is primarily used for short-term seizure control and has adverse effects including drowsiness and dizziness, but not dependence?
Which drug is primarily used for short-term seizure control and has adverse effects including drowsiness and dizziness, but not dependence?
Which drug works by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes and is useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures?
Which drug works by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes and is useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures?
Which drug is used to treat a wide range of seizure types including absence seizures with limited CNS depression and additional adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal effects, hepatotoxicity, and pancreatitis?
Which drug is used to treat a wide range of seizure types including absence seizures with limited CNS depression and additional adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal effects, hepatotoxicity, and pancreatitis?
Which category of drugs works by potentiating the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), leading to an influx of chloride ions and suppression of abnormal neuron firing?
Which category of drugs works by potentiating the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), leading to an influx of chloride ions and suppression of abnormal neuron firing?
Which drug interacts with many other drugs, impairing their efficacy, and is used to treat a wide range of seizure types including absence seizures?
Which drug interacts with many other drugs, impairing their efficacy, and is used to treat a wide range of seizure types including absence seizures?
Which term best describes an involuntary spasmodic contraction of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body?
Which term best describes an involuntary spasmodic contraction of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body?
What is the primary use of Hydantoins in treating seizures?
What is the primary use of Hydantoins in treating seizures?
What is a common adverse effect associated with Barbiturates?
What is a common adverse effect associated with Barbiturates?
What adverse effect is specifically associated with the use of Valproic acid in treating seizures?
What adverse effect is specifically associated with the use of Valproic acid in treating seizures?
Which drug class is safer than barbiturates and primarily used for short-term seizure control?
Which drug class is safer than barbiturates and primarily used for short-term seizure control?
What is the most commonly prescribed drug in the Succinimides class for treating absence seizures?
What is the most commonly prescribed drug in the Succinimides class for treating absence seizures?
Which drug is known for its very rare but serious side effects such as systemic lupus erythematosus and aplastic anemia?
Which drug is known for its very rare but serious side effects such as systemic lupus erythematosus and aplastic anemia?
Which drug is primarily used for reducing brain excitability by suppressing positive ion influxes and is particularly effective on the paroxysmal and psychopathologic component of epilepsy?
Which drug is primarily used for reducing brain excitability by suppressing positive ion influxes and is particularly effective on the paroxysmal and psychopathologic component of epilepsy?
Which drug category has a low therapeutic index, profound CNS depression, and a high potential for dependence?
Which drug category has a low therapeutic index, profound CNS depression, and a high potential for dependence?
Which drug should be taken regularly at the same time each day and with meals to reduce gastrointestinal upset?
Which drug should be taken regularly at the same time each day and with meals to reduce gastrointestinal upset?
Which drug interacts with many other drugs, impairing their efficacy, and is used to treat a wide range of seizure types excluding absence seizures?
Which drug interacts with many other drugs, impairing their efficacy, and is used to treat a wide range of seizure types excluding absence seizures?
Which amino acid compound drug is considered a second-line antiepileptic drug (adjunct therapy)?
Which amino acid compound drug is considered a second-line antiepileptic drug (adjunct therapy)?
Which drug primarily works by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes and is useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures?
Which drug primarily works by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes and is useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures?
What is the common adverse reaction associated with all anti-epileptic drugs due to CNS depression?
What is the common adverse reaction associated with all anti-epileptic drugs due to CNS depression?
Which drug is considered the prototype drug for Succinimides?
Which drug is considered the prototype drug for Succinimides?
What should be monitored when assessing patients for therapeutic effects of antiseizure medications?
What should be monitored when assessing patients for therapeutic effects of antiseizure medications?
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Study Notes
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The text discusses various drugs used to treat seizures, with a focus on those that potentiate the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and miscellaneous GABA agents are mentioned as examples of drugs that change GABA's action, leading to an influx of chloride ions and suppression of abnormal neuron firing
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Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital and primidone, have a low therapeutic index, a high potential for dependence, and cause profound CNS depression. They are primarily used for controlling seizures, but not for absence seizures
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Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, clobazam, and clonazepam, are safer than barbiturates and primarily used for short-term seizure control. They have adverse effects including drowsiness and dizziness, but not dependence
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Other GABA-related drugs, such as bine-drugs (ezogabine and tiagabine), in-drugs (gabapentin and pregabalin), and mate-drugs (topiramate), work by different mechanisms and have different uses and adverse effects
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Hydantoins and related drugs, such as phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and ethotoin, work by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes, and are useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures, without the CNS depression or abuse potential associated with barbiturates. They have adverse effects including CNS depression, gingival hyperplasia, skin rash, cardiac dysrhythmias, and hypotension
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Phenytoin interacts with many other drugs, including oral anticoagulants, glucocorticoids, antagonists, anti-tuberculin drugs, and food supplements, impairing the efficacy of these drugs
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Valproic acid, a hydantoin-like drug, is also used to treat a wide range of seizure types, including absence seizures, with limited CNS depression and additional adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal effects, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, and interactions with aspirin, cimetidine, chlorpromazine, erythromycin, felbamate, and phenytoin, as well as concomitant warfarin, aspirin, or alcohol use. Concurrent use of clonazepam may induce absence seizures. Valproic acid lowers the levels of phenytoin and lamotrigine, and is lower when combined with rifampin.
-
The text discusses various drugs used to treat seizures, with a focus on those that potentiate the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
-
Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and miscellaneous GABA agents are mentioned as examples of drugs that change GABA's action, leading to an influx of chloride ions and suppression of abnormal neuron firing
-
Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital and primidone, have a low therapeutic index, a high potential for dependence, and cause profound CNS depression. They are primarily used for controlling seizures, but not for absence seizures
-
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, clobazam, and clonazepam, are safer than barbiturates and primarily used for short-term seizure control. They have adverse effects including drowsiness and dizziness, but not dependence
-
Other GABA-related drugs, such as bine-drugs (ezogabine and tiagabine), in-drugs (gabapentin and pregabalin), and mate-drugs (topiramate), work by different mechanisms and have different uses and adverse effects
-
Hydantoins and related drugs, such as phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and ethotoin, work by delaying an influx of sodium ions across neuronal membranes, and are useful in treating all types of epilepsy except absence seizures, without the CNS depression or abuse potential associated with barbiturates. They have adverse effects including CNS depression, gingival hyperplasia, skin rash, cardiac dysrhythmias, and hypotension
-
Phenytoin interacts with many other drugs, including oral anticoagulants, glucocorticoids, antagonists, anti-tuberculin drugs, and food supplements, impairing the efficacy of these drugs
-
Valproic acid, a hydantoin-like drug, is also used to treat a wide range of seizure types, including absence seizures, with limited CNS depression and additional adverse reactions such as gastrointestinal effects, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, and interactions with aspirin, cimetidine, chlorpromazine, erythromycin, felbamate, and phenytoin, as well as concomitant warfarin, aspirin, or alcohol use. Concurrent use of clonazepam may induce absence seizures. Valproic acid lowers the levels of phenytoin and lamotrigine, and is lower when combined with rifampin.
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