Epigenetics and Inheritance Concepts Chapter 18
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Questions and Answers

What is epigenetics?

Stable gene expression changes without DNA sequence alteration.

What is gene expression?

The process of DNA transcribing to RNA to protein.

What is gene regulation?

Transient changes in gene expression due to environmental signals.

What is epigenetic inheritance?

<p>Inheritance of epigenetic states from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is X-Chromosome Inactivation?

<p>Random inactivation of one X chromosome in females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Barr body?

<p>Condensed, inactive X chromosome visible in females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Calico cats?

<p>Female cats with random X inactivation producing color patches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extranuclear inheritance?

<p>Transmission of genes located outside the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are organelle genomes?

<p>Genomes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mitochondrial genome?

<p>Contains 37 genes essential for cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is LHON?

<p>Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy causing vision loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gene linkage?

<p>Genes close together on the same chromosome inherited together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a linkage group?

<p>A group of genes that usually stay together during meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are recombinants?

<p>Offspring with different traits from parental generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is linkage mapping?

<p>Mapping genes based on recombination frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recombination frequency?

<p>Percentage of recombinant offspring in a cross.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a CentiMorgan (cM)?

<p>Unit of genetic distance; 1% recombination frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vernalization?

<p>Cold temperatures required for flowering in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the FLC gene?

<p>Gene whose expression is silenced during vernalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mitochondrial diseases?

<p>Diseases inherited maternally affecting energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chloroplast genome?

<p>Genome affecting chlorophyll synthesis and leaf color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gene silencing?

<p>Turning off gene expression through epigenetic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dosage compensation?

<p>Equal expression of X-linked genes in males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mosaic?

<p>Individual with genetically different somatic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are environmental agents?

<p>Factors influencing epigenetic changes in gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype?

<p>Observable traits resulting from gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epigenetics

Stable changes in gene expression that don't alter the DNA sequence. It's like turning the volume up or down on specific genes.

Gene expression

Process of converting DNA into RNA and then into protein.

Gene regulation

Temporary changes in gene expression caused by environmental signals.

Epigenetic inheritance

Passing down epigenetic marks, not DNA sequence changes, from parents to offspring.

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X-Chromosome Inactivation

One X chromosome in females is randomly silenced, making it inactive.

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Barr body

The inactive X chromosome in females, appearing as a tightly packed structure.

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Calico cats

Female cats with patches of different colors due to random X inactivation.

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Extranuclear inheritance

Passing down genes located outside the nucleus, in organelles like mitochondria.

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Organelle genomes

Genomes found in organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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Mitochondrial genome

The DNA inside mitochondria, containing genes essential for cellular energy production.

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LHON

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, causing vision loss due to mutations in mitochondrial genes.

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Gene linkage

Genes close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.

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Linkage group

A group of genes that usually stay linked and inherited together.

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Recombinants

Offspring with different traits from their parents due to gene shuffling.

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Nonrecombinants

Offspring with the same traits as their parents due to no gene shuffling.

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Linkage mapping

Mapping gene locations based on the frequency of recombination between them.

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Recombination frequency

The percentage of offspring that have genes recombined (shuffled) compared to the parents.

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CentiMorgan (cM)

Unit of genetic distance, where 1 cM represents 1% recombination frequency.

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Vernalization

Plants need exposure to cold temperatures before they can flower.

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FLC gene

A gene that is silenced during vernalization, allowing flowering to occur.

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Mitochondrial diseases

Diseases inherited maternally, affecting energy production within cells.

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Chloroplast genome

The DNA in chloroplasts, controlling aspects like chlorophyll synthesis and leaf color.

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Gene silencing

Epigenetic mechanism turning off gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

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Dosage compensation

Ensuring equal expression of X-linked genes in males and females despite different numbers of X chromosomes.

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Mosaic

An individual with genetically different cells within their body due to epigenetic changes.

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Environmental agents

Factors like diet, stress, and toxins that can influence epigenetic changes.

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Phenotype

Observable traits that result from gene expression.

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Dosage compensation - Why is it necessary?

Males have one X chromosome, while females have two. Dosage compensation ensures that both sexes express genes on the X chromosome at equal levels.

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What is the difference between epigenetic inheritance and traditional inheritance?

Epigenetic inheritance involves changes in gene expression patterns, not changes in the DNA sequence itself. Traditional inheritance passes down the actual DNA sequences from generation to generation.

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Study Notes

Epigenetics

  • Epigenetics involves stable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.
  • Gene expression is the process of converting DNA information into protein.
  • Gene regulation refers to transient changes in gene expression due to environmental signals.
  • Epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of epigenetic modifications from parents to offspring.

X-Chromosome Inactivation

  • X-chromosome inactivation is the random inactivation of one X chromosome in female mammals.
  • A Barr body is the condensed, inactive X chromosome which is visible in the nucleus of female cells.
  • Calico cats exhibit a mosaic phenotype due to random X inactivation, resulting in patches of different fur colors.

Extranuclear Inheritance

  • Extranuclear inheritance refers to the transmission of genes located outside the nucleus, primarily in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • Organelle genomes are the genomes found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • The mitochondrial genome contains 37 genes crucial for cellular respiration.
  • Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited disorder causing vision loss, a result of mitochondrial DNA mutations.

Gene Linkage

  • Gene linkage describes genes located close together on the same chromosome being inherited together more frequently than expected by chance.
  • A linkage group is a set of genes that typically stay together during meiosis.
  • Recombinants are offspring with traits different from either parent, resulting from genetic recombination during meiosis.
  • Nonrecombinants are offspring with traits identical to one of the parents.
  • Linkage mapping utilizes recombination frequencies to estimate the distances between linked genes.
  • Recombination frequency is the percentage of recombinant offspring.
  • A centiMorgan (cM) represents a unit of genetic distance equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
  • Vernalization is a cold treatment inducing flowering in plants.
  • The FLC gene is a gene whose expression is usually silenced during vernalization.

Other Concepts

  • Mitochondrial diseases are inherited maternally and affect energy production.
  • Chloroplast genomes affect chlorophyll synthesis and leaf color.
  • Gene silencing is the process of turning off gene expression via epigenetic changes.
  • Dosage compensation ensures equal expression of X-linked genes in males and females.
  • A mosaic is an individual with genetically different somatic cells.
  • Environmental agents can influence epigenetic changes in gene expression.
  • Phenotype refers to observable traits determined by gene expression and the environment.

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Explore the intriguing world of epigenetics, which involves changes in gene expression that do not alter DNA sequences. This quiz covers X-chromosome inactivation, extranuclear inheritance, and related genetic concepts relevant to biology and genetics.

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