2.4 Epigenetics and Disease Overview

<p>Lung cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversing DNA methylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are heritable but do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inactive X chromosome is heavily methylated, and the active is largely not methylated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The choice is a random event independent in each cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic mosaicism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the compaction of DNA into the cellular nuclei. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterochromatin is tightly bound to its histones, while euchromatin is loosely bound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loosely bound DNA (euchromatin) is more accessible for transcription. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the positive charge of histones, reducing their binding to DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enable sperm DNA to achieve greater compaction than histone-bound DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genes necessary for basic cell function, and are transcriptionally active in all cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There's a conflict of interests in gene expression between mothers, who benefit from limiting resources to each offspring and fathers benefit from their offspring maximizing resources from the mother. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deletion on chromosome 15 of paternal origin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance of two copies of chromosome 11 from the father and no copy from the mother. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phenotype is critically dependent on whether the mutation is inherited from the mother or the father. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It impairs their ability to differentiate into functional neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were more likely to suffer from obesity and diabetes as adults. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their methylation patterns tend to show more differences due to lifestyle divergences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to a phenomenon where only one of the parental copies of a gene is expressed, with the other copy being silenced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are alterations in gene expressions alongside atypical methylation patterns in a number of their genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A number of the cases are caused by imprinting abnormalities of chromosomes 11 or 15. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each cell in the early embryo can give rise to any somatic cell of the organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic information enables cells with the same genetic sequence to achieve diverse functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. These modifications can include methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA regulation, all of which can influence how genes are turned on or off.

A drug that can slow down the aging process by influencing epigenetic pathways. It's known to affect the activity of genes involved in aging, potentially extending lifespan.

A group of modifications to DNA, such as methylation, that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Tumor cells often show a decrease in DNA methylation compared to normal cells, which can lead to increased activity of oncogenes.

Drugs that modify the activity of genes by targeting epigenetic mechanisms. These drugs can potentially reverse or modify disease states, including cancer.

A process where a methyl group (CH3) is added to DNA, often silencing gene expression. Plays a crucial role in X chromosome inactivation.

A phenomenon where one of the two X chromosomes in females becomes inactive during early development. Occurs randomly, leading to differences in gene expression between cells.

Proteins that DNA wraps around, like thread on a spool. They help condense DNA into the nucleus and play a role in gene regulation.

A tightly packed state of DNA where genes are usually silenced because transcription factors can't access them.

A loosely packed state of DNA that allows access for transcription factors, leading to active gene expression.

Modifications to histones, like adding or removing chemical groups, that can alter gene expression. Can either promote or inhibit transcription.

A process where chemical modifications are made to histone proteins. This can include acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation.

A type of histone modification that involves adding an acetyl group to lysine residues on histone tails. This usually loosens DNA packaging and allows gene expression.

A type of histone modification that involves adding a methyl group to lysine or arginine residues on histone tails. This can either enhance or repress gene expression depending on the specific site.

A cell that has the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body.

Genes that are expressed in all or nearly all cells of an organism. These genes are essential for basic cell functions.

A phenomenon where only one copy of a gene is expressed, while the other copy is silenced. This silencing varies depending on the parent of origin.

A hypothesis that explains genomic imprinting based on the conflicting interests of mothers and fathers in offspring development.

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, seizures, and a distinctive gait.

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by short stature, obesity, and mild to moderate intellectual disability.

A growth disorder characterized by large size at birth, hypoglycemia, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

A growth disorder characterized by growth retardation, short stature, and a small face.

The study of how environmental factors can influence gene expression and phenotypic traits.

The process by which monozygotic (identical) twins develop differences in their DNA methylation patterns over time. This is influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors.