Epidermis Structure and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for the production of the horny layer?

  • Stratum basale
  • Stratum corneum (correct)
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum

What type of cells are primarily found in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis?

  • Columnar cells
  • Flattened cells
  • Cuboidal cells
  • Polyhedral cells (correct)

What condition is characterized by the loss of cohesion between epidermal cells, resulting in intraepidermal clefts?

  • Microvesiculation
  • Intracellular oedema
  • Acantholysis (correct)
  • Hydropic degeneration

In which layer of the epidermis would you find nucleated, flattened keratinocytes?

<p>Stratum granulosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of degeneration is specifically associated with viral infections?

<p>Ballooning degeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hair follicle is typical for cattle and horses?

<p>Simple hair follicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the migration of inflammatory cells or erythrocytes through intercellular spaces of the epidermis?

<p>Exocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of the stratum lucidum?

<p>Thin band of flattened, unstained cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of cellular change is associated with an increase in cell size and cytoplasmic pallor?

<p>Intracellular oedema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells contribute to the pigmentation of the epidermis?

<p>Melanocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of clefts (lacunae) within the epidermis?

<p>Slit-like spaces without fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hair follicles, what is the role of the dermal papilla?

<p>Provides nutrients to the hair growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause microvesicles and vesicles in the epidermis?

<p>Both A and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following layers of the skin undergoes active mitosis?

<p>Stratum basale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydropic degeneration is most commonly associated with which condition?

<p>Lupus erythematosus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these describes a condition resulting from a severe inflammatory response, commonly leading to vesicle formation?

<p>Spongiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is suggested by diffuse orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis?

<p>Nutritional deficiencies (A), Seborrheic dermatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypergranulosis indicate regarding the stratum granulosum?

<p>Increased thickness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dyskeratosis?

<p>Premature keratinization of viable cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acanthosis specifically indicates an increase in the thickness of which epidermal layer?

<p>Stratum spinosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of necrolysis?

<p>Death of cells or tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypokeratosis indicate about the stratum corneum?

<p>Decrease in thickness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with epidermal atrophy?

<p>Hyperadrenocorticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular changes occur during necrosis?

<p>Karyolysis and necrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by excess melanin deposited within the epidermis?

<p>Hyperpigmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a decrease in melanin within the epidermis?

<p>Vitiligo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cyst is characterized by flattened epidermal cells and lamellar keratin?

<p>Horn cysts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves circular concentric layers of squamous cells that show gradual keratinization?

<p>Horn pearls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a consolidated, desiccated surface mass composed of serum, keratin, and cellular debris?

<p>Crust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of chronic inflammation observed in dermal changes?

<p>Collagen hyalinization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes cavities filled with inflammatory cells within the epidermis?

<p>Microabscesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of degeneration resembles fibrin and is associated with connective tissue disease?

<p>Fibrinoid degeneration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue formation is characterized by an increase in fibrous tissue?

<p>Fibroplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of exuberant granulation tissue?

<p>Vertically oriented capillaries and horizontally oriented fibroblasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with an irregular undulating configuration of the epidermis?

<p>Papillomatosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pigmentary incontinence indicate?

<p>Presence of free melanin granules within the dermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies mucinous degeneration in derma changes?

<p>Thinning of dermal collagen fibrils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which change occurs in the subcutaneous layer of the skin?

<p>Granulomatous dermatoses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation can occur in sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands?

<p>Suppurative and granulomatous inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of dermatitis related to vascular changes?

<p>Hyalinization of endothelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system in terms of protection?

<p>Prevents the loss of water and electrolytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the skin structure?

<p>Hepatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the integumentary system involves thermoregulation?

<p>Evaporation of excess heat through sweat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does subcutaneous adipose tissue play in the integumentary system?

<p>Acts as a major energy storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does skin pigmentation benefit animals?

<p>Prevents damage from solar radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant economic impact of skin diseases in food-producing animals?

<p>Triggering systemic diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skin functions relates closely to sensation?

<p>Contains receptors for touch and temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the integumentary system is involved in motion, shape, and color?

<p>Flexibility and elasticity of the skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the integumentary system?

The integumentary system is the largest organ system of the body and provides a vital barrier between the animal and its environment.

Why are skin diseases important to veterinarians?

Skin diseases are common occurrences in veterinary practice and can be a sign of underlying conditions, impacting animal production and public health.

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

The integumentary system acts as a barrier to protect against various external insults like UV light, mechanical damage, chemicals, heat, and the invasion of microorganisms.

How does the integumentary system contribute to sensation?

The skin contains receptors that allow animals to sense touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

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How does the integumentary system regulate body temperature?

The integumentary system plays a role in regulating body temperature through insulation, sweating, and blood flow.

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What are some of the metabolic functions of the integumentary system?

The skin synthesizes vitamin D and subcutaneous adipose tissue stores energy in the form of triglycerides.

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How does the integumentary system influence movement, shape, and color?

The integumentary system contributes to movement, shape, and color through its flexibility, elasticity, and pigmentation.

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How can the integumentary system be used as an indicator of internal health?

Skin conditions can be a valuable indicator of systemic diseases occurring within the body.

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Hypokeratosis

A condition where the stratum corneum is thinner than normal. It can occur due to rapid cell turnover, reduced adhesion between cells, or a combination of both.

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Dyskeratosis

Abnormal keratinization of living cells in the stratum spinosum. These cells appear shrunken and separated with dense nuclei and bright eosinophilic cytoplasm.

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Hyperkeratosis

Increased thickness of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of skin. Causes can include infection, irritation, or genetic predispositions.

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Hyperplasia/Acanthosis

An increase in the thickness of non-cornified epidermis due to an increase in the number of epidermal cells.

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Hypoplasia/Atrophy

A decrease in the thickness of non-cornified epidermis due to a reduced number of cells (hypoplasia) or a decrease in cell size (atrophy). Often seen in conditions affecting the endocrine system.

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Necrosis/Necrolysis

Cell death in tissues. It can be localized or widespread. Cells exhibit characteristics like karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis.

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Hypergranulosis

Increased thickness of the stratum granulosum, a layer of cells in the epidermis.

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Hypogranulosis

Decreased thickness of the stratum granulosum.

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What is the epidermis?

The outermost layer of skin, responsible for producing the protective, tough, and dead cell layers atop it.

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Name the five layers of the epidermis.

The stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick skin only), and stratum corneum.

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What are melanocytes?

These cells are responsible for synthesizing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color and protects against harmful UV radiation.

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What are Langerhan's cells?

Epithelial cells with a primary role in the immune system, migrating outward from the basal layer.

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What is the dermis?

The layer of skin located beneath the epidermis, composed of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles.

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What are dermal papillae?

The outermost layer of the dermis, composed of small projections that interlock with epidermal pegs, forming a strong bond between the two layers.

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What is the hypodermis?

A layer of fatty tissue that lies beneath the dermis, providing insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.

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What is the epidermal turnover?

The process by which cells in the epidermis are replaced and shed, regulated by the hair follicle cycle.

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Fibroplasia/Fibrosis

Increased production and accumulation of fibrous tissue in the dermis, often accompanied by inflammation and edema. This process can result in scar formation.

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Exuberant Granulation Tissue

An abnormal proliferation of granulation tissue, characterized by a vertical arrangement of capillaries and horizontally aligned fibroblasts, creating a lattice-like pattern.

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Papillomatosis

A condition where the dermal papillae project above the surface of the skin, leading to an uneven and wavy appearance of the epidermis.

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Pigmentary Incontinence

The presence of melanin pigment granules in the dermis, either free or within macrophages called melanophages.

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Dermal Edema

An excess of fluid accumulation in the dermis, causing spaces between cells and around blood vessels to widen.

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Mucinous Degeneration

An accumulation of a sticky substance found in cartilage within the dermis, causing separation and replacement of collagen fibers, often associated with conditions like hypothyroidism.

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Follicular epithelium changes

Abnormal changes in hair follicles, including excessive keratinization, plugging, and dilation, often associated with hormonal disorders or inflammation.

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Sebaceous Adenitis

Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, potentially leading to pus formation and scarring, often associated with hormonal changes or bacteria.

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Spongiosis

Widening of the intercellular spaces between keratinocytes in the epidermis, often seen in acute or subacute skin inflammation.

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Ballooning degeneration

Increase in cell size, cytoplasmic pallor, and displacement of the nucleus to the periphery of the cell. This could be due to a number of factors, but is commonly associated with viral infections.

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Acantholysis

Loss of cohesion between epidermal cells leading to the formation of intraepidermal clefts, vesicles, and bullae. This can be caused by spongiosis, ballooning degeneration, or the action of proteolytic enzymes.

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Exocytosis (of epidermal cells)

Migration of inflammatory cells, like neutrophils, or even red blood cells, through the spaces between epidermal cells. This is a common feature of inflammation in the skin.

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Clefts (lacunae) in the epidermis

Fluid-filled clefts or spaces within the epidermis, often associated with acantholysis or hydropic degeneration. However, they can also be handling artifacts.

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Vesicles and bullae

Fluid-filled spaces within or below the epidermis. They can be microscopic or macroscopic, and can be caused by various processes, like acantholysis, ballooning degeneration, or subepidermal edema.

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Hydropic degeneration

Intracellular edema of the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis. Often seen in conditions like lupus erythematosus and drug eruptions.

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Acantholysis (in pustule formation)

Loss of cohesion between keratinocytes leading to the formation of intraepidermal clefts, vesicles, and bullae. It often leads to formation of pustules.

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What are microabscesses and pustules?

Macroscopic or microscopic cavities formed within the epidermis or just below it, filled with inflammatory cells.

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Describe a subcorneal pustule.

A subcorneal pustule is a type of pustule located beneath the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) and contains acantholytic cells (cells that detach from their neighbors) mixed with neutrophils (a type of white blood cell).

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What is hyperpigmentation?

Hyperpigmentation is an increase in melanin deposition within the epidermis and often in dermal melanophages, leading to darker skin.

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What is hypopigmentation?

Hypopigmentation is a decrease in melanin in the epidermis, resulting in lighter skin.

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What is a crust?

A crust is a dried mass on the skin surface composed of keratin, serum, cellular debris, and sometimes microorganisms.

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What are horn cysts?

Horn cysts are circular cysts lined by flattened epidermal cells and filled with concentric layers of keratin.

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What are horn pearls or squamous pearls?

Horn pearls, also known as squamous pearls, are focal circular structures composed of concentric layers of squamous cells that show gradual keratinization toward the center.

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Describe collagen hyalinization and fibrinoid degeneration.

Collagen hyalinization occurs when collagen fibers appear confluent and thickened, forming a glassy, eosinophilic appearance. Fibrinoid degeneration is the replacement of collagen with a brightly eosinophilic substance that resembles fibrin.

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Study Notes

Integumentary System - Veterinary Pathology

  • The integumentary system is the largest body system, forming a boundary between the animal and its external environment.
  • Skin diseases are common in veterinary practice and can indicate systemic issues, leading to economic losses in livestock.
  • Skin functions include:
    • Protection: Provides a barrier against UV light, mechanical, chemical, and thermal insults, preventing water and electrolyte loss and microbial invasion.
    • Sensation: Holds receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
    • Thermoregulation: Hairs and subcutaneous adipose tissue regulate heat loss.
    • Metabolic: Subcutaneous adipose tissue is a significant energy store (triglycerides), and the epidermis synthesizes Vitamin D.
    • Motion, Shape, and Colour: Skin's flexibility, elasticity, and toughness contribute to movement, shape, and colour determined through melanin formation, vascularity and keratinization, to protect against solar damage.
    • Indicator: Skin conditions can be an indicator of underlying systemic issues.

Skin Structure

  • Composition: Epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, adnexal glands, and subcutis (hypodermis).
  • Diagram: There are illustrations of the layers of skin and the components within, including blood vessels. Diagrams show both macroscopic and microscopic views.
  • Epidermis layers: Stratum basale (basal layer), stratum spinosum (prickle layer), stratum granulosum (granular layer), stratum lucidum (clear layer), and stratum corneum (horny layer).
  • Dermis Layers: Papillary layer and reticular layer. The reticular layer contains more dense connective tissue.
  • Hypodermis (Subcutis): Is the deepest layer, with connective tissue, fat, blood vessels & nerves, and acts as a heat insulator and is crucial for body contour.

Epidermal Appendages (Adnexa)

  • Hair follicles:
    • Types: Simple (cattle, horses) and compound (sheep, dogs).
    • Cycles: Anagen (active growth), catagen (transitional), and telogen (resting).
    • Structure: Composed of follicle, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle, and apocrine sweat glands.
  • Glands:
    • Sebaceous glands: Holocrine glands, producing sebum (triglyceride/cholesterol) which are part of the hair follicle complex.
    • Apocrine sweat glands: In hoofed animals; develop as part of the hair follicle complex.
    • Eccrine sweat glands: Open directly to the epidermis: produce water and salt, present on paws and pads.

Dermis (Corium)

  • Function: Support, nourish, and maintain the epidermis and its appendages. Composed of collagen, reticulin (immature collagen), and elastin fibers. Contains fibroblasts, inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, macrophages) and a glycosaminoglycan-rich ground substance . There is a difference between the fibrous texture of the superficial and deep dermis.
  • Changes: Exuberant granulation tissue, formation of fibrous tissue (fibroplasia, fibrosis, sclerosis); collagen and fibroblast involvement. Papillomatosis also includes projection of dermal papillae resulting in an irregularly undulating epidermis. There can be an increased presence of melanin that is free within the subepidermal dermis and within dermal macrophages (melanophages), termed pigmentation incontinence. Dermal oedema refers to dilated lymphatics and widened perivascular and interstitial spaces, often caused by mucinous degeneration.

Subcutaneous Changes

  • Fat: Suppurative and granulomatous changes (like panniculitis and steatitis) and necrosis.

Epidermal Changes - Detailed

  • Hyperkeratosis: Increased stratum corneum thickness; can be absolute (actual increase) or relative (apparent increase due to thinning of the underlying epidermis). Further identified as orthokeratotic (anuclear) or parakeratotic (nucleated). Commonly associated with chronic irritation, inflammation or sun exposure.
  • Hypokeratosis: Reduced stratum corneum thickness. Often associated with chronic infections, rapid turnover, or topical treatments.
  • Dyskeratosis: Premature and faulty keratinization of the viable cells of the stratum spinosum; characterized by shrunken cells, separation from adjacent keratinocytes, pyknotic nuclei, and bright eosinophilic cytoplasm.
  • Hyperplasia/Acanthosis: Increase in the thickness of the non-cornified epidermis, typically caused by increased number of epidermal cells. Specifically involves the stratum spinosum.
  • Hypoplasia/atrophy: Decrease in epidermal thickness; results from decreased cell number (hypoplasia) or decreased cell size (atrophy).
  • Necrosis/Necrolysis: Cell death.
  • Intercellular oedema (spongiosis): Widening intercellular bridges of the epidermis; associated with acute or subacute dermatoses..
  • Intracellular oedema: Increased cell size and cytoplasmic pallor; possible artifacts. Can include Ballooning degeneration often associated with viral infections and Hydrophic degeneration common with lupus and drug reactions.
  • Acantholysis: Loss of cohesion between epidermal cells leading to clefts, vesicles, and bullae.
  • Exocytosis: Inflammatory cells and/or erythrocytes migrating through intercellular spaces.
  • Clefts (lacunae): Slit-like spaces that do not contain fluid, often due to acantholysis or hydropic degeneration of the basal cells.
  • Microvesicles, vesicles, bullae: Relatively a cellular spaces within or below the epidermis, potentially due to ballooning degeneration, acantholysis, subepidermal oedema, and intracellular/intercellular oedema..
  • Microabscesses, pustules: Macroscopic or microscopic lesions, intraepidermal or subepidermal, filled with inflammatory cells.
  • Hyperpigmentation/hypermelanosis: Excess melanin deposition within the epidermis and dermal melanophages.
  • Hypoigmentation/hypomelanosis Reduced melanin deposition within the epidermis and dermal melanophages.
  • Crusts: Consolidated, desiccated surface masses composed of keratin, serum, cellular debris, and often microorganisms.
  • Horn cysts (keratin cysts): Circular cysts surrounded by flattened epidermal cells, containing concentrically arranged lamellar keratin.
  • Horn pearls (squamous pearls): Focal, circular structures of concentric layers of squamous cells, undergoing gradual keratinization toward the center. Often accompanied by dyskeratosis.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the various layers of the epidermis, their functions, and associated conditions. This quiz covers topics such as keratinocytes, hair follicles, and the types of cells found in the epidermis, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of skin biology.

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