Epidemiology Quiz: Causality Models

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key principles in Rothman's Causality Model?

Plausibility of the biological mechanism

Strength of association (correct)

Analogy to known causal relationships

Consistency of findings across different studies

Which of the following is NOT a criterion in Hill's Criteria for causality?

Strength of association

Specificity of the association

Biological gradient (dose-response relationship)

Henle-Koch's Postulate (correct)

What is the primary purpose of establishing a biological gradient in causation?

To establish consistency of findings across different studies

To strengthen the evidence for causality (correct)

To establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome

To determine the specificity of the association

Which of the following is an example of a criterion in Rothman's Causality Model?

Biological gradient (dose-response relationship) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Hill's Criteria in establishing causality?

Strength of association between exposure and outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Hill's Criteria?

Henle-Koch's Postulate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of establishing temporality in causality research?

To establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a principle in establishing causality in epidemiological research?

Strength of association between exposure and outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Henle-Koch's postulates?

The microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal and shown to be the same as the original organism in a different laboratory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Rothman's Causality Model?

Identifying the sufficient component causes of a disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which of Hill's Criteria is used to evaluate the strength of a causal association?

Dose-response relationship Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiological research, what is the term for the phenomenon where a smaller effect is observed when a factor is added to a mixture of causes?

Antagonism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using Hill's Criteria in causal inference?

It provides a framework for evaluating the strength of a causal association. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a sufficient component cause?

The combination of a virus and a susceptible host. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where a larger effect is observed when a factor is added to a mixture of causes?

Synergism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of Henle-Koch's postulates?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which epidemiologist is credited with developing the concept of vital statistics and using demographic data in epidemiological studies?

William Farr Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Florence Nightingale's contributions to epidemiology?

Importance of sanitation and hygiene in preventing disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the occurrence of a disease at a level that is consistently higher than the expected level in a particular population?

Hyperendemic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the subclinical disease spectrum?

Convalescence Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the investigation of a disease outbreak to identify its cause and prevent further transmission?

Field investigation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the occurrence of a disease that is widespread and affects a large number of people over a large geographic area?

Pandemic Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with developing the concept of hand hygiene in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases?

Ignaz Semmelweis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the continuous monitoring of disease trends and patterns to identify potential health problems?

Public health surveillance Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Models of Causation

Rothman's Causality Model: strength of association, temporality, biological gradient (dose-response relationship)
Hill's Criteria: strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, analogy

Epidemiology Triangle

No additional information provided

Henle-Koch's Postulate

Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
Microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
Cultured microorganism should cause the disease when inoculated into a susceptible animal
Microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal and shown to be the same as the original organism

Core Epidemiological Functions

Public health surveillance
Field investigations
Analytic studies
Evaluation
Linkages
Policy development

Epidemiological Figures

Florence Nightingale (1820–1910): importance of sanitation and hygiene in preventing disease
Robert Koch (1843–1910): identifying the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax
William Farr (1807–1883): development of vital statistics and the use of demographic data in epidemiological studies
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865): importance of hand hygiene in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases

Natural History and Disease Spectrum

Table 2: Spectrum of disease
Parts of Subclinical Diseases: induction, incubation, latency

Levels of Disease Occurrence

Sporadic
Endemic
Hyperendemic
Epidemic
Outbreak
Pandemic
Figure 2.1: Difference between the levels of disease occurrence

Chain of Infection

Figure 2.2: Chain of infection model

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Description

Test your understanding of Rothman's causality model and Hill's criteria in epidemiology. Learn how to establish causal relationships between exposure and outcome.