24 Questions
What is one of the key principles in Rothman's Causality Model?
Strength of association
Which of the following is NOT a criterion in Hill's Criteria for causality?
Henle-Koch's Postulate
What is the primary purpose of establishing a biological gradient in causation?
To strengthen the evidence for causality
Which of the following is an example of a criterion in Rothman's Causality Model?
Biological gradient (dose-response relationship)
What is the primary focus of Hill's Criteria in establishing causality?
Strength of association between exposure and outcome
Which of the following is NOT a component of Hill's Criteria?
Henle-Koch's Postulate
What is the main purpose of establishing temporality in causality research?
To establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome
Which of the following is a principle in establishing causality in epidemiological research?
Strength of association between exposure and outcome
Which of the following is NOT one of Henle-Koch's postulates?
The microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal and shown to be the same as the original organism in a different laboratory.
What is the primary focus of Rothman's Causality Model?
Identifying the sufficient component causes of a disease.
Which of Hill's Criteria is used to evaluate the strength of a causal association?
Dose-response relationship
In epidemiological research, what is the term for the phenomenon where a smaller effect is observed when a factor is added to a mixture of causes?
Antagonism
What is the primary advantage of using Hill's Criteria in causal inference?
It provides a framework for evaluating the strength of a causal association.
Which of the following is an example of a sufficient component cause?
The combination of a virus and a susceptible host.
What is the term for the phenomenon where a larger effect is observed when a factor is added to a mixture of causes?
Synergism
Which of the following is a limitation of Henle-Koch's postulates?
All of the above
Which epidemiologist is credited with developing the concept of vital statistics and using demographic data in epidemiological studies?
William Farr
What is the primary focus of Florence Nightingale's contributions to epidemiology?
Importance of sanitation and hygiene in preventing disease
What is the term for the occurrence of a disease at a level that is consistently higher than the expected level in a particular population?
Hyperendemic
Which of the following is NOT a part of the subclinical disease spectrum?
Convalescence
What is the term for the investigation of a disease outbreak to identify its cause and prevent further transmission?
Field investigation
What is the term for the occurrence of a disease that is widespread and affects a large number of people over a large geographic area?
Pandemic
Who is credited with developing the concept of hand hygiene in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases?
Ignaz Semmelweis
What is the term for the continuous monitoring of disease trends and patterns to identify potential health problems?
Public health surveillance
Study Notes
Models of Causation
- Rothman's Causality Model: strength of association, temporality, biological gradient (dose-response relationship)
- Hill's Criteria: strength of association, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, analogy
Epidemiology Triangle
- No additional information provided
Henle-Koch's Postulate
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
- Microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
- Cultured microorganism should cause the disease when inoculated into a susceptible animal
- Microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal and shown to be the same as the original organism
Core Epidemiological Functions
- Public health surveillance
- Field investigations
- Analytic studies
- Evaluation
- Linkages
- Policy development
Epidemiological Figures
- Florence Nightingale (1820–1910): importance of sanitation and hygiene in preventing disease
- Robert Koch (1843–1910): identifying the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax
- William Farr (1807–1883): development of vital statistics and the use of demographic data in epidemiological studies
- Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865): importance of hand hygiene in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases
Natural History and Disease Spectrum
- Table 2: Spectrum of disease
- Parts of Subclinical Diseases: induction, incubation, latency
Levels of Disease Occurrence
- Sporadic
- Endemic
- Hyperendemic
- Epidemic
- Outbreak
- Pandemic
- Figure 2.1: Difference between the levels of disease occurrence
Chain of Infection
- Figure 2.2: Chain of infection model
Test your understanding of Rothman's causality model and Hill's criteria in epidemiology. Learn how to establish causal relationships between exposure and outcome.
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