Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
- Studying the history of medicine
- Understanding the effects of diseases on individuals
- Analyzing how diseases affect populations (correct)
- Researching ancient diseases
Which of the following best defines a pandemic?
Which of the following best defines a pandemic?
- An epidemic spreading across countries or continents (correct)
- A disease regularly found in a population
- A sudden increase of a disease above normal levels
- A disease outbreak in a localized area
What characterizes an endemic disease?
What characterizes an endemic disease?
- Transmits primarily between humans and animals
- Sudden increase in cases over normal levels
- Regularly found in a specific area or population (correct)
- Occurs sporadically in various locations
Which factor does NOT contribute to the prevalence of diseases?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the prevalence of diseases?
Which type of disease is primarily transmitted through contaminated water?
Which type of disease is primarily transmitted through contaminated water?
What defines a neglected tropical disease?
What defines a neglected tropical disease?
Which of the following best illustrates opportunistic diseases?
Which of the following best illustrates opportunistic diseases?
What is one of the critical challenges in controlling tropical diseases?
What is one of the critical challenges in controlling tropical diseases?
What does the scope of disease refer to?
What does the scope of disease refer to?
Which of the following is NOT a biological factor contributing to the prevalence of disease?
Which of the following is NOT a biological factor contributing to the prevalence of disease?
What defines an infectious disease?
What defines an infectious disease?
What is a key characteristic of neglected tropical diseases?
What is a key characteristic of neglected tropical diseases?
Which type of disease is primarily spread through contaminated water?
Which type of disease is primarily spread through contaminated water?
Which factor is categorized as an environmental factor affecting disease prevalence?
Which factor is categorized as an environmental factor affecting disease prevalence?
Anthropozoonotic diseases refer to those transmitted between:
Anthropozoonotic diseases refer to those transmitted between:
Which of the following diseases is considered non-communicable?
Which of the following diseases is considered non-communicable?
What is a primary challenge in controlling tropical diseases?
What is a primary challenge in controlling tropical diseases?
Malaria is primarily transmitted through which of the following?
Malaria is primarily transmitted through which of the following?
Cholera is associated with which of the following conditions?
Cholera is associated with which of the following conditions?
What defines 'burden of disease'?
What defines 'burden of disease'?
What is an opportunistic disease?
What is an opportunistic disease?
Which of the following is a lifestyle disease?
Which of the following is a lifestyle disease?
What describes a choropleth map?
What describes a choropleth map?
The primary target of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is which virus?
The primary target of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is which virus?
Flashcards
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
The study of how diseases affect populations, including their distribution, causes, and effects.
Endemic disease
Endemic disease
A disease regularly found in a specific area or population.
Epidemic
Epidemic
A sudden increase in disease cases higher than expected.
Pandemic
Pandemic
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Prevalence
Prevalence
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Disease
Disease
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Tropical Disease
Tropical Disease
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Malaria
Malaria
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Scope of Disease
Scope of Disease
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Impact of Disease
Impact of Disease
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Disease
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Waterborne Disease
Waterborne Disease
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Tropical Disease
Tropical Disease
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Neglected Tropical Disease
Neglected Tropical Disease
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Biological Factor
Biological Factor
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Environmental Factor
Environmental Factor
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Tropical Disease Impact
Tropical Disease Impact
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Malaria Cause
Malaria Cause
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Disease Control Challenges
Disease Control Challenges
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Leprosy Cause
Leprosy Cause
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Opportunistic Disease
Opportunistic Disease
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Prevalence Definition
Prevalence Definition
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Burden of Disease
Burden of Disease
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Choropleth Map Use
Choropleth Map Use
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Study Notes
Exam Information
- 90-minute exam
- 10 short answer questions (30-50 words each)
- 1 map skills question
- 1 extended response (500-600 words) using unseen stimulus material
Content to Cover
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology: Study of how diseases affect populations (distribution, causes, effects, risk factors, prevention).
- Causation: Factors contributing to disease development (genetics, environment, lifestyle).
- Distribution: How diseases spread across populations (geographical areas, age groups, gender patterns).
- Endemic: Regularly occurring disease in an area.
- Epidemic: A sudden increase in disease cases beyond normal levels.
- Pandemic: An epidemic spreading across multiple countries or continents.
- Scope of disease: Extent and reach.
- Impact of disease: Effect on individuals, societies, economies, healthcare.
Four Factors Contributing to Disease Prevalence
- Biological factors
- Environmental factors
- Social factors
- Healthcare access
Types of Disease
- Infectious disease: Caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi). Spreads from person to person.
- Waterborne disease (e.g., cholera)
- Airborne disease (e.g., tuberculosis)
- Deficiency disease (e.g., scurvy)
- Sexually transmitted disease (e.g., HIV/AIDS)
- Zoonotic disease: Transmitted from animals to humans
- Anthropozoonotic disease: Transmitted between people and animals
- Non-communicable disease: Not infectious, spreads from person to person (e.g., heart disease, diabetes)
Tropical Disease
- Definition of Tropical Disease: Primarily in tropical and subtropical areas, often linked to climate and environment.
- Distribution of Tropical Disease: Geographic areas with warm temperatures, high humidity.
- Neglected Tropical Disease: Diseases affecting poor populations in tropical areas, largely ignored.
- Impact of tropical disease: Health, economic, and social impact on affected areas.
- Why Tropical Diseases are hard to control: Limited healthcare access, poor treatments, environmental factors.
Case Studies
- Malaria: Caused by parasite transmitted by mosquitoes (tropical regions).
- Leprosy: Caused by bacteria affecting skin, nerves, mucous membranes.
- HIV and AIDS: HIV attacks the immune system, eventually leading to AIDS.
- Cholera: Waterborne bacterial disease causing diarrhea.
- Lifestyle diseases: Choices affecting health (e.g., smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise).
Other Information
- Prevalence: Proportion of population affected by disease.
- Disease: Condition impairing normal body function.
- Burden of Disease: Impact on population (mortality, morbidity, economics, social consequences).
- Opportunistic Disease: Infections taking advantage of a weakened immune system.
- Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Treatment for HIV/AIDS.
- Choropleth Map: Uses color to represent data in geographical regions.
- Data Sets: Layers of data showing factors.
- Color Shading: Representing data values (light to dark/small to large).
- BOLTSS: Map components (Border, Orientation, Legend, Title, Scale, Source).
- Extended Response Requirements: Factual, specific (evidence based), data integration (support from other material).
- Type 2 Diabetes: Chronic condition affecting blood sugar processing.
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