Epidemiology Overview and Applications

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Questions and Answers

What primarily influences the neonatal mortality rate?

  • Environmental factors
  • Maternal health practices
  • Pre-natal or genetic factors (correct)
  • Socio-economic status

Which factor is least likely to influence the maternal mortality rate?

  • Economic policies (correct)
  • Diagnostic ascertainment
  • Maternal health practices
  • Completeness of registration of births

What does a high child mortality rate often indicate about a community?

  • Successful prenatal care programs
  • Poor socio-economic development (correct)
  • Presence of advanced medical technology
  • Very high maternal health standards

What does Swaroop's Index indicate?

<p>The standard of health care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher case fatality rate (CFR) typically indicate?

<p>A more fatal disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does epidemiology primarily study?

<p>The distribution and determinants of diseases in populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'distribution' in epidemiology refer to?

<p>The patterns of health events by time, place, and person (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of epidemiology?

<p>Medical interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is assessing the community’s health important in epidemiology?

<p>To discover potential health problems and the risks associated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of applying epidemiological knowledge?

<p>To influence public health policy and practice in communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epidemiology is primarily concerned with describing the distribution of health events in populations?

<p>Descriptive epidemiology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of descriptive epidemiology in relation to disease occurrence?

<p>To study and explain acute outbreaks of disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of fertility rates provides a measure specific to the population capable of giving birth?

<p>General Fertility Rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study is characterized by observing and analyzing relationships between health status and various factors?

<p>Analytic epidemiology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epidemiological study directly analyzes data at a specific point in time to assess prevalence?

<p>Cross-sectional surveys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure of mortality rates is the most sensitive indicator of the overall health status of a community?

<p>Infant Mortality Rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the primary focus of analytic epidemiology?

<p>To determine causal associations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered one of the core epidemiologic functions?

<p>Development of economic policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors of disease causation refer to the conditions that make a person more likely to develop a disease?

<p>Predisposing factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a case-control study?

<p>It identifies differences between cases and non-cases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidemiology

The scientific study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and health outcomes in populations, with the goal of controlling health problems, limiting illness consequences, and maximizing health.

Distribution (in Epidemiology)

The frequency and pattern of health events in a population, considering the number of events and population size, and patterns over time, place, and person.

Determinants (in Epidemiology)

The causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of diseases and health-related events.

Frequency (in Epidemiology)

The number of health events, and how it relates to the size of the population.

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Pattern (in Epidemiology)

The occurrence of health events by time, place, and person.

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Application of Epidemiology

Using the knowledge gained from studies to improve community health methods.

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Community Health Assessment

Evaluating the health problems, risk factors, and available health services in a community.

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Mortality Rates

Measures deaths in a population relative to its size over time.

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Neonatal Mortality Rate

Death rate of newborns largely from prenatal/genetic factors.

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Maternal Mortality Rate

Death rate of mothers due to various factors from health practices to record keeping.

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Child Mortality Rate

Death rate of children, indicating community socioeconomic status.

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Swaroop's Index

Indicator showing the quality of healthcare system based on mortality rates.

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Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

Measures how deadly a disease is; higher rate means more fatal.

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Public Health Surveillance

Monitoring and tracking health events in populations to detect outbreaks and trends.

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Field Investigations

Detailed studies conducted at the site of a public health issue to quickly define a problem and implement solutions.

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Analytic Studies

Studies designed to analyze the link between risk factors and health outcomes.

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Evaluations

Assessment of the effectiveness of public health programs and interventions.

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Linkages

Connecting different parts of the public health system to improve collaboration.

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Policy Development

Creation and implementation of policies based on epidemiological findings.

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Predisposing Factors

Factors that increase susceptibility to a disease but don't directly cause it.

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Enabling Factors

Factors that make it easier for a disease to develop.

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Precipitating Factors

Factors that trigger the onset of a disease.

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Reinforcing Factors

Factors that maintain or worsen a disease.

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Risk Factors

Factors associated with an increased probability of developing a disease.

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Descriptive Epidemiology

Describing disease patterns by time, place, and person to identify potential causes and develop hypotheses.

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Analytical Epidemiology

Investigating cause-and-effect relationships between risk factors and health outcomes.

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Intervention Epidemiology

Evaluating the effects of public health interventions.

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Epidemic

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above the expected level in a given population.

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Pandemic

An epidemic spreading over several countries or continents.

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Crude Birth Rate

The number of births per 1,000 people in a population.

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General Fertility Rate

The number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age.

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Age-Specific Fertility Rate

Births per 1,000 women in a specific age group.

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Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

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Crude Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.

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Cause-Specific Death Rate

Number of deaths from a specific cause per 100,000 population.

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Infant Mortality Rate

Number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

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Study Notes

Epidemiology Overview

  • Epidemiology is the study of what affects populations.
  • It combines the Greek words "epi" (upon), "demos" (people), and "logos" (study of).
  • Epidemiology aims to understand the distribution and determinants of diseases and health outcomes in populations.
  • It seeks to develop methods for controlling health problems, limiting disease consequences, and maximizing health.
  • Key components of epidemiology include population, distribution, and factors.

Distribution

  • Epidemiology examines the frequency and pattern of health events within a population.
  • Frequency considers the number of health events relative to the population size.
  • Pattern describes how health events occur over time, in different locations, and among various groups of people.

Determinants

  • Determinants are causes and factors influencing the occurrence of diseases and other health-related events.

Application

  • Applying knowledge gained through epidemiological studies to community-based practice.

Importance of Epidemiology

  • Assessing community health involves understanding existing and potential health problems.
  • Identifying populations at increased risk for health issues.
  • Recognizing trends: improvements and worsening situations.
  • Evaluating the accessibility and distribution of public health services and its relation to health trends.

Population Trend (Philippines, 2000-2050)

  • The population of the Philippines is projected to increase to 134 million by 2050.

Age Distribution (Philippines, 2023)

  • 15-64 age group accounts for 79% of the population.
  • 0-14 age group composes 14%.
  • 65+ age group make up 6.3% of the population.

Population by Age and Sex (Philippines, 2023 and Japan 2023)

  • Demographic pyramids illustrate the age and sex distribution in the Philippines and Japan.
  • The pyramids show the relative numbers of males and females in different age groups.

Life Expectancy at Birth (Philippines, 2000-2021)

  • Average life expectancy for the Philippines is about 70-74 years.
  • Females tend to live longer than males.
  • Life expectancy has been increasing slightly over time.

Leading Causes of Death (Philippines, 2023 (approximate))

  • Ischaemic heart diseases, neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia, hypertension diseases and others are top causes of death.

Morbidity Rates (Philippines, 2024 (approximate))

  • Acute respiratory infections, hypertension, animal bites, urinary tract infections, and other ailments are top common health issues.

Core Epidemiologic Functions

  • Public health surveillance
  • Field investigations
  • Analytic studies
  • Evaluations
  • Linkages
  • Policy Development

Factors of Disease Causation

  • Predisposing factors
  • Enabling factors
  • Precipitating factors
  • Reinforcing factors
  • Risk factors

Epidemiologic Approach

  • Descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology, intervention/experimental epidemiology, and evaluation epidemiology.

Descriptive Epidemiology

  • Describes disease occurrence by person, place, and time.

  • Includes studying outbreaks, following trends, and developing hypotheses about disease transmission.

  • Types include case reports, case series, ecological/correlational studies, and cross-sectional surveys.

  • Absence of disease

  • Sporadic or random occurrence of disease

  • Endemic disease (continual presence)

  • Epidemic (rapid increase)

  • Pandemic (worldwide)

  • The 5Ws (What, Who, Where, When, Why) frame epidemiological investigation.

Analytical Epidemiology

  • Identifies causes of disease occurrence.
  • Determine if factors are causally connected to diseases.
  • Types include cross-sectional analytic studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, experimental studies, community trials, and clinical trials.

Vital Statistics

  • Data relating to births, deaths, and other vital events.

Fertility Rates

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
  • General Fertility Rate (GFR)
  • Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASR)
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
  • Formula and meaning of each rate

Mortality Rates

  • Crude Death Rate (CDR)
  • Cause of Death Rate
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
  • Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
  • Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
  • Child Mortality Rate
  • Swaroop's Index
  • Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

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