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Questions and Answers
What is the initial reversible stage of periodontal disease?
What is the initial reversible stage of periodontal disease?
Which factor is a significant independent risk factor for periodontal disease?
Which factor is a significant independent risk factor for periodontal disease?
Which of the following conditions can result from untreated periodontitis?
Which of the following conditions can result from untreated periodontitis?
What percentage of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma?
What percentage of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma?
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What is one of the major risk factors for oral cancer?
What is one of the major risk factors for oral cancer?
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In which population is the prevalence of oral cancers greater?
In which population is the prevalence of oral cancers greater?
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Which chronic diseases are associated with periodontal disease?
Which chronic diseases are associated with periodontal disease?
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How does periodontal disease affect older adults specifically?
How does periodontal disease affect older adults specifically?
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What was the percentage decrease in the number of prevalent cases of untreated dental caries globally from 1990 to 2017?
What was the percentage decrease in the number of prevalent cases of untreated dental caries globally from 1990 to 2017?
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In 2010, what percentage of people worldwide suffered from severe periodontitis?
In 2010, what percentage of people worldwide suffered from severe periodontitis?
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What was the global prevalence of complete tooth loss in 2010?
What was the global prevalence of complete tooth loss in 2010?
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Which of the following oral diseases are considered global public health priorities?
Which of the following oral diseases are considered global public health priorities?
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How many incident cases of lip and oral cavity cancers were recorded in 2018?
How many incident cases of lip and oral cavity cancers were recorded in 2018?
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What is the primary cause of demineralization in the caries process?
What is the primary cause of demineralization in the caries process?
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What does the DMFT index measure?
What does the DMFT index measure?
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Which group showed a significantly higher association between low educational background and caries experience in countries with high Human Development Index scores?
Which group showed a significantly higher association between low educational background and caries experience in countries with high Human Development Index scores?
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What percentage of the global population experienced severe tooth loss in 1990?
What percentage of the global population experienced severe tooth loss in 1990?
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How can early stages of dental caries be reversed?
How can early stages of dental caries be reversed?
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Which factor has a significant impact on the prevalence of oral diseases in LMICs?
Which factor has a significant impact on the prevalence of oral diseases in LMICs?
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What was the percentage of deaths due to cancer of the lip and oral cavity in males in 2018?
What was the percentage of deaths due to cancer of the lip and oral cavity in males in 2018?
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What did Costa et al. (2018) find regarding socioeconomic status and dental health?
What did Costa et al. (2018) find regarding socioeconomic status and dental health?
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What might happen if dental caries progresses and spreads to the dental pulp?
What might happen if dental caries progresses and spreads to the dental pulp?
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What is a common consequence of untreated oral diseases?
What is a common consequence of untreated oral diseases?
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What commonly triggers the demineralization of teeth in dental caries?
What commonly triggers the demineralization of teeth in dental caries?
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What is the overall 5-year relative survival rate from oral cancer?
What is the overall 5-year relative survival rate from oral cancer?
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Which of the following types of cancer is most commonly found in the oral cavity?
Which of the following types of cancer is most commonly found in the oral cavity?
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Among which age group does untreated caries in deciduous teeth peak?
Among which age group does untreated caries in deciduous teeth peak?
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Which statement about the prevalence of dental caries is correct?
Which statement about the prevalence of dental caries is correct?
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What factor contributes to the significant racial/ethnic disparity seen in oral cancer outcomes?
What factor contributes to the significant racial/ethnic disparity seen in oral cancer outcomes?
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What is a characteristic of the clinical presentation of oral cancer?
What is a characteristic of the clinical presentation of oral cancer?
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What was the most prevalent health condition affecting adults globally in 2010?
What was the most prevalent health condition affecting adults globally in 2010?
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What is a significant outcome for oral cavity carcinoma in terms of prognosis?
What is a significant outcome for oral cavity carcinoma in terms of prognosis?
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How does poor oral health in later life primarily influence individuals?
How does poor oral health in later life primarily influence individuals?
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What role does socioeconomic status play in health outcomes?
What role does socioeconomic status play in health outcomes?
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Which statement reflects a common approach of dental policymakers?
Which statement reflects a common approach of dental policymakers?
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What trend has been observed globally since the 1980s regarding sucrose?
What trend has been observed globally since the 1980s regarding sucrose?
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What is a primary contributor to the increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in LMICs?
What is a primary contributor to the increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in LMICs?
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How are oral diseases generally characterized globally?
How are oral diseases generally characterized globally?
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Which group is most disproportionately affected by oral diseases?
Which group is most disproportionately affected by oral diseases?
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What is implied as a necessary approach to tackle the NCD epidemic?
What is implied as a necessary approach to tackle the NCD epidemic?
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What was the range of expenses for child dental care between 2008 and 2012?
What was the range of expenses for child dental care between 2008 and 2012?
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What percentage of employed adults in Australia missed work due to dental problems?
What percentage of employed adults in Australia missed work due to dental problems?
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How much lost productivity cost did dental-related issues create in Canada?
How much lost productivity cost did dental-related issues create in Canada?
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What common issue leads many adults to delay dental care until it's necessary?
What common issue leads many adults to delay dental care until it's necessary?
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What has contributed to the lower dental service use among older adults?
What has contributed to the lower dental service use among older adults?
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What is a consequence of untreated dental conditions in older adults?
What is a consequence of untreated dental conditions in older adults?
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What percentage increase in emergency department visits for dental conditions occurred in the USA from 2006 to 2009?
What percentage increase in emergency department visits for dental conditions occurred in the USA from 2006 to 2009?
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Why are emergency departments often ill-equipped to address dental problems?
Why are emergency departments often ill-equipped to address dental problems?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology of Oral and Dental Diseases
- Oral diseases are among the most prevalent globally, causing significant health and economic burdens, affecting quality of life
- Key oral diseases are dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancers of the lips and oral cavity
- Oral diseases persist due to social and economic inequalities, and inadequate funding
- Oral diseases are largely preventable, but remain untreated, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs)
- Treatment costs exceeded available resources in LMICS
- Oral diseases are prominent global public health priorities including dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancers
- Oral diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding and supporting teeth
- Initially, gingivitis, a reversible inflammation of periodontal tissues, results in bleeding and swelling
- Periodontal disease progressively destroys the periodontal tissue support, leading to attachment loss, periodontal pocketing, gingival bleeding, and bone loss.
- Poor oral hygiene leading to accumulation of pathogenic biofilm (plaque) is a significant cause of periodontal disease
- Tobacco use is also a risk factor for periodontal disease
- Periodontal disease is linked to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia
- Periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss and negatively impacts chewing, aesthetics and quality of life
- Oral cancers are primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma
- Oral cancer presents as a white/red patch, ulcerated lesion, large fungating ulcer or indurated lesions of varying sizes, potentially including a super-added infection.
- Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and areca nut chewing are major risk factors for oral cancers
- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is responsible for a rise in oropharyngeal cancers among young adults
- Oral cancers are prevalent in men and older adults, often from individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds.
- Oral cancer is mostly a disease of older adults and is a significant public health concern
- Significant ethnic disparity in oral cancer disease burden and outcomes
- Delay in diagnosis due to difficulty in identifying early symptoms, impacting treatment outcomes for oral cancers
- Worldwide five-year survival rate is generally less than 50% but women usually have higher rate
- Oral cavity carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer, often detected late.
- Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a disfiguring and deadly type of oral cancer
- Globally, around 3.5 billion people live with dental conditions, mainly due to untreated dental caries in deciduous and permanent teeth, severe periodontal diseases, edentulism (complete tooth loss), and severe loss.
- According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lip and oral cavity cancers were among the 15 most common cancers in 2018.
- Lifetime prevalence of dental caries has decreased in the last few decades but mainly in high-income countries (HICs)
- Untreated caries in deciduous teeth ranked 10th most prevalent among global children in 2010 (affecting 9% of global children).
- Untreated caries in permanent teeth ranked as the most prevalent health condition, affecting 35% (2.4 billion) of the global population in 2010.
- Global age-standardized prevalence of untreated dental caries remained stable around 35% between 1990 and 2010.
- Peak prevalence in untreated caries in the permanent dentition was observed in 15-19 age group in 2015. Prevalence of untreated dental caries was 7.8% among children in deciduous teeth(1-4 years old). Prevalence of untreated dental caries in permanent dentition has remained at approximately 34.1%
- Significant decrease in cases of untreated dental caries occurred globally from 1990-2017
- The global burden of untreated dental caries has remained relatively stable for 30 years, contradicting the common view of an improved burden of dental caries.
- Socioeconomic status significantly impacts oral health
- Studies suggest a negative correlation between lower socioeconomic status, and oral health conditions
- Low educational levels and lower socioeconomic status have a strong positive association with oral disease in countries with high Human Development Index scores.
- Marginalized groups like homeless people, prisoners, and indigenous groups, face significant oral health challenges
- In Australia (employed adults), 9% of employees missed work days due to dental issues
- In Canada, on average 3.5 hours of work hours were lost due to dental issues resulting in a lost productivity of approximately 1 billion Canadian dollars
- In Brazil, approximately 15% of working adults were absent from work due to orofacial pain leading to a substantial productivity loss
Tooth Loss
- Tooth loss, a consequence of dental caries or periodontal issues, reflects the final stage of severe oral health issues
- In 2010, 158 million people (2.3% global population) were completely edentulous
- Prevalence of severe tooth loss declined between 1990 and 2010, from 4.4% to 2.4%
Oral Cancer
- Lip and oral cavity cancers are among the top 15 most common cancers worldwide (around 500,550 cases in 2018).
- In 2018, there were 177,384 deaths due to cancers of the lip and oral cavity (67% in males)
Economic Burden of Oral Diseases
- Worldwide, oral diseases in 2015 accounted for USD 356.80 billion in direct costs (treatment) and USD 187.61 billion in indirect costs (productivity losses)
- Oral diseases may exacerbate other diseases like poor glycemic control in diabetics
Impacts on Children and Adults
- Dental pain prevalence in children increases with age, severity of caries, and socioeconomic status. Dental issues in children affect school performance and exacerbate social inequalities
- Adults struggle with access to dental care, leading to untreated issues and increased reliance on hospital emergency departments and diminished quality of life
Older Adults
- Adults in high-income countries are retaining more natural teeth.
- Older adults (65+) often have substantial restorative needs and periodontal disease.
- Difficulty accessing oral care and late-stage diagnoses are substantial challenges for older adults, compounded by decreased mobility and transportation issues
Social and Commercial Determinants
- The WHO framework emphasizes the influence of structural factors like economic and social policies on oral health outcomes
- Socioeconomic status, educational background, and living conditions are also prominent influences
Oral Health Policy Recommendations
- Addressing oral health needs requires a radically different approach with bold leadership, robust evidence of intervention efficacy, innovative policies, and an openness to global change
- Oral health must be considered an integral part of sustainable development
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Description
Explore the global impact of oral and dental diseases through this quiz. Discover the prevalence of conditions such as dental caries and periodontal disease, and understand the social and economic factors contributing to their persistence. Learn about the challenges faced in prevention and treatment, especially in low-income and middle-income countries.
