Epidemiology in Veterinary Science
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors is NOT one of the three factors that influence disease levels in a population?

  • Spatial factors
  • Environmental factors (correct)
  • Temporal factors
  • Individual factors

    • An epidemic can only occur when a disease is prevalent in a population.

    False

    What does 'clustering' of cases in epidemiology refer to?

    The occurrence of cases of a disease closely grouped in time and space.

    A disease that is continually maintained in a population is referred to as __________.

    <p>endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Outbreak = A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a particular area. Epidemic = An unexpected increase in disease cases within a specific geographic area. Endemic = A disease or condition regularly found and consistently present in a population. Cluster = A group of cases of a disease occurring in a specific time and place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic could be used to group individuals when studying disease risk?

    <p>Coat color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temporal factors examine how disease frequency changes over different spatial locations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor that can differentiate individuals at risk of developing a disease.

    <p>Age, sex, breed, or coat color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'epidemiological unit' refer to?

    <p>A group of animals sharing a defined epidemiological relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemiological units only refer to herds or flocks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of disease occurrence is described as sporadic?

    <p>Cases that do not seem to be associated with any identifiable factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease that occurs regularly in a population is referred to as __________.

    <p>endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may affect the spatial pattern of disease in a population?

    <p>Environmental factors, including climate and animal management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clusters of disease cases are indicative of sporadic occurrences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ‘endemic’ describe in a population?

    <p>The usual frequency of occurrence of a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of disease occurrence with its definition:

    <p>Sporadic = Occurs at random and not linked to other cases Endemic = Regular occurrence in a population, often at low levels Outbreak = Occurs in clusters, often in a specific timeframe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Veterinary Authority?

    <p>Ensuring animal health and welfare measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The OIE publishes a list of diseases, infections, and infestations that is only updated once a year.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym WAHIS stand for?

    <p>World Animal Health Information System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Veterinary Authority consists of veterinarians, other professionals, and _______.

    <p>para-professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for including a disease in the OIE List?

    <p>Cures Available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following criteria for disease inclusion with their descriptions:

    <p>International Spread = Proven occurrence in three or more countries Zoonotic Potential = Capable of being transmitted from animals to humans Significant Spread within Naïve Populations = Rapid growth of disease in a population without prior exposure Emerging Diseases = Newly recognized infections or diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Notification involves one-way communication from the Veterinary Authority to the Headquarters only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the new list of diseases published by OIE come into force?

    <p>January 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of disease is characterized by dramatic economic disruption and frequent epidemics with high mortality?

    <p>Class I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human infection with zoonotic diseases always results in severe consequences such as death or prolonged illness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does OIE stand for?

    <p>World Organisation for Animal Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class II diseases are infections currently absent from a country but which pose serious economic or health threats as potential _____ .

    <p>invaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disease classes with their characteristics:

    <p>Class I = Present in a country, high morbidity and severe public health impact Class II = Currently absent, potential invader Class III = Less dramatic, endemic or sporadic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are considered when determining zoonotic potential?

    <p>Transmission to humans and severity of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emerging diseases always indicate that a disease has apparent zoonotic properties.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the OIE annual reports indicate about countries with susceptible populations?

    <p>They have reported absence of the disease for several consecutive years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disease complexes are described as often clearly multicausal?

    <p>Poorly-defined and locally variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease that is described as 'endemic' is limited by both time and space.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two animal diseases currently classified under priority Class I in the Philippines.

    <p>Avian influenza, Foot and Mouth Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease that occurs irregularly and in isolated cases is referred to as __________.

    <p>sporadic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of disease with its description:

    <p>Epidemic = A sudden increase in disease cases above what is normally expected Endemic = Constant presence of a disease within a geographic area Sporadic = Occurs infrequently and irregularly Pandemic = An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes diseases that are responsible for insidious performance and reproduction inefficiencies?

    <p>Poorly-defined disease complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'multicausal' indicates that a disease can have multiple contributing factors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification of diseases based on temporal distribution includes categories such as __________ and __________.

    <p>epidemic, endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Describing Disease Occurrence in a Population

    • Individual factors play a role in disease occurrence.
    • Temporal factors show how disease changes over time.
    • Spatial factors show where disease is common or rare.
    • Epidemiological unit is a group of animals sharing a common environment and exposure risk to a pathogen.
    • Herd or flock are common examples of an epidemiological unit.
    • Timing of Disease Events can follow three patterns:
      • Sporadic: cases happen randomly without a pattern.
      • Endemic: disease occurs regularly at low levels.
      • Outbreak (Epidemic): cases occur in clusters.
    • Endemic describes the usual frequency of a disease in a population.
    • Veterinary Authority is the governmental authority responsible for animal health and welfare measures.
    • Notification is the procedure by which authorities inform each other about disease outbreaks according to the OIE Terrestrial Code.
    • OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) publishes a list of diseases, infections, and infestations.
      • Criteria for inclusion include:
        • International spread
        • Zoonotic Potential
        • Significant Spread within Naïve Populations
        • Emerging Diseases
    • OIE List criteria:
      • International Spread: proven spread in three or more countries OR more than three countries free from the disease OR absence of disease reported in a significant number of countries for several consecutive years.
      • Zoonotic Potential: transmission to humans proven AND human infection associated with severe consequences.
      • Significant Spread within Naïve Populations: significant mortality or morbidity at the country or zone level.
      • Emerging Diseases: apparent zoonotic properties OR rapid spread.
    • The OIE list categorizes notifiable diseases based on species.
    • The Philippines Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) also has a list of reportable diseases.
    • Livestock diseases are categorized into four classes by national control priorities:
      • Class I: dramatic, economically disruptive diseases, with high mortality or morbidity and zoonotic potential.
      • Class II: diseases absent from a country but pose serious economic or health threats.
      • Class III: endemic or sporadic diseases with economic or public health consequences.
      • Class IV: poorly-defined and multicausal diseases causing performance and reproduction inefficiencies.

    Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Disease

    • Epidemic: limited in time (+) and space (+).
    • Endemic: not limited in time (-) and not limited in space (-).
    • Sporadic: not limited in time (-) and not limited in space (-).
    • Pandemic: limited in time (+) and not limited in space (-).

    Two animal diseases currently classified under Class I in the Philippines

    • Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
    • African Swine Fever (ASF)

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the factors influencing disease occurrence in animal populations. It covers individual, temporal, and spatial factors, along with the definitions of epidemiological units like herds and flocks. Additionally, it explores disease patterns such as sporadic, endemic, and outbreak incidents.

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