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Questions and Answers
What is the usual initial dose of methyldopa for treating hypertension?
What is the usual initial dose of methyldopa for treating hypertension?
Carvedilol is the only preferred drug for treating hypertension during pregnancy.
Carvedilol is the only preferred drug for treating hypertension during pregnancy.
False
What type of drug is carvedilol?
What type of drug is carvedilol?
Nonselective β blocker with α1-antagonist activity
Methyldopa may produce dryness of the mouth, diminished libido, and __________ signs.
Methyldopa may produce dryness of the mouth, diminished libido, and __________ signs.
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Match the following drugs with their primary action:
Match the following drugs with their primary action:
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Which of the following is NOT a class of antihypertensive therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a class of antihypertensive therapy?
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Diuretics are considered nonpharmacological therapy for hypertension.
Diuretics are considered nonpharmacological therapy for hypertension.
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What is the primary action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in hypertension treatment?
What is the primary action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in hypertension treatment?
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The left ventricle undergoes hypertrophy due to elevated __________ pressure.
The left ventricle undergoes hypertrophy due to elevated __________ pressure.
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Match the antihypertensive agents to their mechanisms:
Match the antihypertensive agents to their mechanisms:
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What class of drug is Minoxidil categorized under?
What class of drug is Minoxidil categorized under?
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Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease.
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease.
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Which drug has a direct negative chronotropic effect that helps manage tachycardia?
Which drug has a direct negative chronotropic effect that helps manage tachycardia?
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The concurrent use of β blockers with verapamil or diltiazem is encouraged.
The concurrent use of β blockers with verapamil or diltiazem is encouraged.
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What is the primary role of Ca2+ channel blockers in hypertension treatment?
What is the primary role of Ca2+ channel blockers in hypertension treatment?
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The combination of amlodipine and _____ proved superior to the combination of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide.
The combination of amlodipine and _____ proved superior to the combination of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide.
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Match the following drugs with their primary effects:
Match the following drugs with their primary effects:
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What happens to thiazides' efficacy in the presence of tachycardia?
What happens to thiazides' efficacy in the presence of tachycardia?
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High concentrations of Na+ in the body are unaffected by changes in water content.
High concentrations of Na+ in the body are unaffected by changes in water content.
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What potential condition can occur with the high accumulation of Na+ in T cells and macrophages?
What potential condition can occur with the high accumulation of Na+ in T cells and macrophages?
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Carriers of rare mutations in _____ have lower blood pressure than appropriate controls.
Carriers of rare mutations in _____ have lower blood pressure than appropriate controls.
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Which of the following β blockers cannot be used in patients with reactive airway disease?
Which of the following β blockers cannot be used in patients with reactive airway disease?
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The long-term consequences of increased triglyceride levels due to β blockers are well understood.
The long-term consequences of increased triglyceride levels due to β blockers are well understood.
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What effect do β blockers have on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol?
What effect do β blockers have on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol?
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Labetalol and carvedilol are also _____ blockers.
Labetalol and carvedilol are also _____ blockers.
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Match the drug with its associated effect.
Match the drug with its associated effect.
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Which of the following describes a major adverse effect of β blockers?
Which of the following describes a major adverse effect of β blockers?
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Type 2 diabetes is a contraindication for the use of β blockers.
Type 2 diabetes is a contraindication for the use of β blockers.
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What can happen if β blockers are suddenly discontinued?
What can happen if β blockers are suddenly discontinued?
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β blockers primarily antagonize the _____ receptor to exert their antihypertensive effects.
β blockers primarily antagonize the _____ receptor to exert their antihypertensive effects.
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What effect do β blockers have on triglyceride concentrations?
What effect do β blockers have on triglyceride concentrations?
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Which of the following β blockers has been positively tested in heart failure trials?
Which of the following β blockers has been positively tested in heart failure trials?
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Atenolol is considered an ideal β blocker due to its effectiveness in heart failure trials.
Atenolol is considered an ideal β blocker due to its effectiveness in heart failure trials.
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Name the class of drugs that selectively block α1 adrenergic receptors.
Name the class of drugs that selectively block α1 adrenergic receptors.
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Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are used for the treatment of ______.
Prazosin, terazosin, and doxazosin are used for the treatment of ______.
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Match the following drugs with their characteristics:
Match the following drugs with their characteristics:
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What aspect of blood pressure may atenolol not effectively lower?
What aspect of blood pressure may atenolol not effectively lower?
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Phenoxybenzamine is primarily used as a reversible α blocker.
Phenoxybenzamine is primarily used as a reversible α blocker.
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Which measurement method may not accurately represent atenolol's ability to lower blood pressure?
Which measurement method may not accurately represent atenolol's ability to lower blood pressure?
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Another group of antihypertensive agents that selectively block α1 adrenergic receptors adds to the ______ of available treatments.
Another group of antihypertensive agents that selectively block α1 adrenergic receptors adds to the ______ of available treatments.
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Which of the following is NOT a drug available for the treatment of hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a drug available for the treatment of hypertension?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology and Treatment Algorithms
- Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease
- High blood pressure causes left ventricular hypertrophy and vascular damage
- Leading cause of stroke, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death
- Prevalence increases with age, reaching 50% in 60-69 year olds
- US survey found 81.5% aware, 74.9% treatment, 52.5% controlled (2014)
- Treatment programs can improve control rates through registries, feedback, and evidence-based guidelines.
- SPRINT study stopped early due to benefits in the 120 mmHg systolic blood pressure group
- Current definitions: US - 130/80 mmHg, Europe - 140/90 mmHg or higher.
- Risk of hypertension-related cardiovascular disease is high in these ranges
- Lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures are linked to lower cardiovascular risk.
- Pulse pressure (systolic - diastolic) may add predictive value
- Isolated systolic hypertension (high systolic, normal diastolic) is linked to smoking in younger people and arterial stiffening in the elderly
- Retinal hemorrhages, exudates, and papilledema indicate greater risk
- LV hypertrophy is associated with worse outcomes
- Risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, and high LDL worsen hypertension outcomes.
Principles of Antihypertensive Therapy
- Nonpharmacological treatment (lifestyle changes) is important for all hypertension patients
- Lifestyle changes can include weight loss, reduced sodium intake, increased exercise, moderation of alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, and increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy.
- Most patients require drug therapy
- Early use of single-pill combination therapy is recommended
- Guidelines from cardiovascular societies differ slightly in definitions and targets, but principles remain consistent
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Description
This quiz focuses on hypertension, a prevalent cardiovascular disease that affects a significant portion of the population, particularly the elderly. It covers important statistics, treatment algorithms, and the findings of notable studies like SPRINT, emphasizing the impact of blood pressure management on cardiovascular health.
