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Questions and Answers
What characterizes endemic occurrence of a disease?
Which factor is NOT considered an environmental factor in disease distribution?
How is an epidemic defined?
What distinguishes a pandemic from other disease occurrences?
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Which statement about inter-current diseases is true?
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What role does socio-economic environment play in disease distribution?
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What is the primary goal of epidemiology in disease detection?
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Why is a more acute disparity in epidemic cases concerning?
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What is one function of the epidemiology nurse during a disease outbreak?
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Which activity is NOT part of the follow-up recommendations after a disease outbreak?
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Which primary function involves monitoring health personnel during disease surveillance?
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What is an important aspect of coordinating with the health team during an outbreak?
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What role does the epidemiology nurse play in community health education?
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What is the aim of the Department of Health by 2030?
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Which activity is part of assisting during an outbreak investigation?
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Which of the following is a key responsibility of the epidemiology nurse regarding health cases?
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What should subjective data include during a health assessment?
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Which of the following factors is NOT generally included in local factors affecting health?
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What is the first step in a Community Health Needs Assessment?
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What type of language should be avoided when documenting assessment data?
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Which of the following is an example of a local factor affecting health?
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What role does communication play in the nursing process?
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How should health behaviors, such as smoking, be documented?
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What results from the evaluation stage of health outcomes?
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What is the primary aim of a comprehensive community diagnosis?
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Which statistical approach is commonly used to determine the average in community health analysis?
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Which element is NOT considered when analyzing demographic variables in a community diagnosis?
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What does the standard deviation indicate in the context of community health nursing?
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In community health nursing, the percentile method is often preferred due to its ability to:
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Which phase in community diagnosis involves detailing activities to meet set objectives?
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What impact do economic circumstances have on health according to the provided content?
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Which of the following best describes the role of health inequalities in community health?
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What is a key aspect the nurse must understand before entering a community?
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What is the primary aim of partnership and collaboration within a community?
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Which phase involves the formation of a core group within community organization?
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How is networking defined in the context of community organizations?
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What activity is essential during the social preparation phase of community organization?
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Which of the following groups is not mentioned as part of valuable working relationships to maintain in a community?
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What is a significant benefit of living among the community members?
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What does the education and training phase primarily entail?
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Study Notes
Inter-Current or Pre-Existing Disease
- There is no clear relationship between inter-current or pre-existing disease and other factors
- These diseases occur intermittently over time
Human Behavior
- Human behavior can influence the existence of a disease agent, one’s exposure to it, or susceptibility to the agent
Environmental Factors
- These are extrinsic factors that influence disease
- Physical environment, biological environment, and socio-economic environment all play a role
Disease Distribution
- The methods and techniques of epidemiology are used to determine the cause of a disease based on characteristics of the person with the disease or the environment
- Population and environment of different times or places are not similar
Epidemic Occurrence
- This refers to a situation with an unusually large number of cases within a short period
- The more disproportionate the relationship between number of cases and the period of occurrence, the more urgent and serious the problem
Pandemic
- This is the simultaneous occurrence of an epidemic of the same disease in several countries
Functions of the Epidemiology Nurse
- Implement public health surveillance
- Monitor local health personnel conducting disease surveillance
- Conduct and/or assist in outbreak investigation
- Assist in rapid surveys and surveillance during disasters
- Assist in the conduct of surveys, program evaluation, and other epidemiological studies
- Communicate findings
- Participate in case findings and laboratory specimen collection
- Isolate cases of communicable disease
- Render nursing care, teach and supervise care
- Perform and teach household members concurrent and terminal disinfection
- Give health teachings to prevent further spread of disease
- Follow up cases and contacts
- Organize, coordinate, and conduct community health education campaigns/meetings
- Refer cases when necessary
- Coordinate with other concerned community agencies
- Accomplish and keep records and reports and submits to the proper office/agency
Department of Health by 2030
- Aims to be a global leader for attaining better health outcomes, competitive and responsive healthcare systems, and equitable healthcare access
Subjective Data
- This refers to what the client states about his health status
- This data is essential for patient assessment and intervention
Documentation of Assessment Data
- Subjective information should be indicated by quotation marks
- Objective assessments should not use generalizations like “good”, “normal”, or “fair”
- Information should be recorded completely, objectively, and concisely
Steps to Community Health Needs Assessment
- Profiling is the collection of relevant information about the health of the population
- Deciding on priorities for action
- Planning public health and healthcare programs to address priority issues
- Implementing the planned activities
- Evaluating health outcomes
Health Inequalities
- Disease and illness patterns are closely associated with economic circumstances
- High rates of death and illness are common among poor sectors of society
Community Diagnosis
- Determining community health status is a process called community assessment
- Community organizing refers to a process in which the community is able to sustain development activities
- The nurse must build relationships with people in the community such as people’s organizations, health organizations, educational institutions, the local government units, financial institutions, religious groups, socio-civic organizations, sectoral groups, etc.
Networking
- This is a relationship among organizations where each entity shares information about its goals, objectives, services, facilities, etc.
Types of Community Diagnosis
- Comprehensive community diagnosis: aims to collect general information about the community to determine prevalent health conditions and risk factors, lifestyle behaviors and attitudes, and socioeconomic conditions.
Elements of a Comprehensive Community Diagnosis
- Demographic variables: This analysis should show the size, composition, and geographical distribution of a population.
Entry into the Community
- Basic information about the area in relation to the cultural practices and lifestyles of the people must be known before entry into the community.
- Establishing rapport with the community is important
- Living in the community and sharing hardships and aspirations can build trust and cooperation.
Phases of Community Organization
-
Organization Phase:
- Social Preparation
- Spotting and Developing Potential Leaders
- Core Group Formation
- Setting up the community organization
-
Education and Training Phase
- Education and training phase
Statistical Approaches
-
Central Tendencies:
- Mean: Average
- Median: Range (highest – lowest score)
- Mode: Frequency of occurrence of a variable (used if there are too many variables)
- Standard Deviation: Used if there are too many variables (seldom used in CHN)
- Percentile (%) Method: Most commonly used in CHN
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of epidemiology, including the impact of inter-current diseases, human behavior, and environmental factors on disease distribution and epidemic occurrence. Explore how different elements interplay in determining the spread of diseases in populations.