Environmental Epidemiology Midterm Quiz

Responsible for protecting human health and safeguarding the natural environment including air, land, and water.

Serve as the international organization responsible for environmental health at the global level.

Responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.

ATSDR stands for Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

Regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources of pollution.

Establish national, enforceable health standards for contaminants in drinking water.

Transmission of diseases from humans to animals

An infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria

A severe, often fatal disease in humans caused by the Ebola virus

A mosquito-borne illness that can cause microcephaly during pregnancy

Metals with high densities that are toxic and nondegradable

Vapor form (gas)

cancer risks, unregulation, danger to environment from oil spills, some non-renewable resources

Not specified

food additives, color additives, animal drugs, some medical devices, human cells and tissues

compounded drugs, tobacco products, cosmetics, medical food, infant formula, dietary supplements, food labels, structure function claims

fluoride, chlorine, chloramine, dioxins

BPA, a primary organic synthetic compound in plastics with negative health effects from overexposure

23%

Elderly, chronic illness, disabilities, pregnant women, children

Colloquial term for a class of diseases that have returned from the dead or reappeared after being thought to be extinct

Model that theorizes changes in population based on fertility and mortality rates throughout time, 3 phases: pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial

Explains changes in population using cause of death, 3 phases: (1) high infectious disease and famine, (2) medicine advances infectious decreases, (3) death from old age/chronic

Total number of children born to one woman during her childbearing years

Point prevalence = # of persons ill / total # persons in group

The occurrence of a new disease within a defined period of observation within a given population, expressed as the rate at which a new disease occurs per capita.

Case Fatality Rate (CFR) measures the lethality of a disease as a percentage, by calculating (# of deaths due to disease / # of cases of the disease) x 100.

Odds Ratio is a measure of association between exposure and outcome, where a higher odds ratio indicates a greater likelihood that exposure leads to a certain outcome.

Relative Risk is the ratio of the probability of an outcome occurring with exposure to the probability of an outcome occurring without exposure.

Selection Bias refers to the unrepresentative nature of a sample, which may include control selection bias, loss to follow-up bias, self-selection bias, and the healthy worker effect.

Information/Misclassification Bias refers to errors in the measurement of exposure or disease, which can arise from subject variation, observer variation, deficiencies in tools, or technical errors in measurement.

Confounding Bias occurs when the association between an exposure and an outcome is distorted by the presence of a third variable (confounder) that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome.