23 Questions
According to Hill's causal criteria, which consideration suggests that if different articles publish results in the same way, it gives evidence of a causal relationship?
Consistency
Which of the following is NOT one of Hill's causal criteria?
Coherence
In epidemiological studies, what does bias refer to?
Systematic error
What does the absence of an association between a risk factor and a disease necessarily imply?
Absence of a causal relationship
Which consideration in Hill's causal criteria suggests that if we have temporality, we will never have a causal relationship between events?
Temporality
What does confounding in epidemiological studies refer to?
Alternative explanation
What does the strength consideration in Hill's causal criteria refer to?
Magnitude of the relative risk or odds ratio
In epidemiological studies, what does chance refer to?
Random error
What does specificity in Hill's causal criteria refer to?
Alternative explanation
What does the biologic gradient consideration in Hill's causal criteria refer to?
Presence of a dose-response relationship
What does coherence in Hill's causal criteria refer to?
Causal relationship not in conflict
What does experimental evidence in Hill's causal criteria refer to?
Presence of experimental studies supporting the relationship
Which model compares an exposed group of people to a fictional group unexposed to the key variable?
Counterfactual model
What is the number of new health-related events in a defined population within a specified period of time called?
Incidence
What does prevalence in epidemiological variables refer to?
Total number of individuals who have an attribute or disease divided by the population at risk
What is the relationship between prevalence, incidence, and duration of disease?
The more incidence, the more prevalence, the more death/recovery
What does incident time refer to in descriptive epidemiology?
Time elapsed before an outcome event or incident
What does stable population refer to in epidemiology?
A population with no changes in size or composition
What is the concept of population in epidemiology related to?
Describing health states and determinants in terms of time, place, and person
What does the causal web model imply?
A concurrence of different exposures or conditions is required to induce disease
What does the traditional causal model from the microbiological revolution era involve?
Monocausal model of disease based on Koch's postulates
What does the counterfactual model aim to do?
Compare an exposed group of people to a fictional group unexposed to the key variable
What is the purpose of graphical models in epidemiology?
Create a conceptual diagram that maps the relationship between exposures and outcomes
Test your knowledge of epidemiological concepts with this quiz on chance, bias, and confounding. Learn about the different sources of error in epidemiological studies and how they can impact the observed statistical association between exposure and disease.
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