Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
Which measure specifically looks at new cases of a disease over a given time period?
Which measure specifically looks at new cases of a disease over a given time period?
In a cohort study, what is the primary comparison made?
In a cohort study, what is the primary comparison made?
What is the formula for calculating relative risk (RR)?
What is the formula for calculating relative risk (RR)?
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Which type of study starts with identifying cases and then finds healthy controls?
Which type of study starts with identifying cases and then finds healthy controls?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of cohort studies compared to case control studies?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of cohort studies compared to case control studies?
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What is an odds ratio (OR) typically used for in epidemiological studies?
What is an odds ratio (OR) typically used for in epidemiological studies?
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If multiple studies yield conflicting results on a health topic, what is usually the reason?
If multiple studies yield conflicting results on a health topic, what is usually the reason?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology
- The study of disease distribution and causes in populations
- Determinants are risk factors/causes
- Studies patterns and causes of diseases and injuries
- Incidence (risk) measures new cases within a period
- Prevalence (proportion) measures cases at a specific time
- Chronic and infectious diseases are studied
Identifying Risk Factors/Causes
- Determine if X might increase risk of Y
- Determine if X causes Y
- Essential data is needed for these determinations
- Cohort and case-control studies are methods
Cohort Studies
- Begin with healthy individuals
- Compare disease/injury incidents over a follow-up period
- Relative risk (RR) is calculated
- RR = Incidence rate in exposed divided by incidence rate in non-exposed
Case-Control Studies
- Start by identifying cases and matching healthy controls
- Compare past exposures of cases and controls
- Odds ratio (OR) = Odds of exposure in cases divided by odds of exposure in controls
- Data sources include primary collected data.
Other Elements
- Researchers collect primary data through surveillance
- Quasi-experimental studies compare communities with interventions.
- Policy research evaluates policies/programs to reach people who benefit from them.
- Cost-effectiveness analysis details policies/programs and their resource needs.
- Implementation research identifies factors facilitating policy/program implementation.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of epidemiology, including disease distribution, determinants, and patterns of diseases and injuries. It covers cohort and case-control studies, examining how relative risk and odds ratio are calculated to identify risk factors and causes of diseases.
