Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of epidemiology?
- Assessment of health care systems
- Treatment methods for infectious diseases
- Study of genetic disorders in individuals
- Distribution and determinants of disease frequency in populations (correct)
Which measure specifically looks at new cases of a disease over a given time period?
Which measure specifically looks at new cases of a disease over a given time period?
- Incidence (correct)
- Cumulative risk
- Mortality rate
- Prevalence
In a cohort study, what is the primary comparison made?
In a cohort study, what is the primary comparison made?
- Symptoms of diseases across different populations
- Treatment effects over time among different age groups
- Past exposures in sick individuals versus healthy individuals
- Incidence rates in exposed individuals versus non-exposed individuals (correct)
What is the formula for calculating relative risk (RR)?
What is the formula for calculating relative risk (RR)?
Which type of study starts with identifying cases and then finds healthy controls?
Which type of study starts with identifying cases and then finds healthy controls?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of cohort studies compared to case control studies?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of cohort studies compared to case control studies?
What is an odds ratio (OR) typically used for in epidemiological studies?
What is an odds ratio (OR) typically used for in epidemiological studies?
If multiple studies yield conflicting results on a health topic, what is usually the reason?
If multiple studies yield conflicting results on a health topic, what is usually the reason?
Flashcards
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations.
Incidence
Incidence
A measure of new cases of a disease or injury occurring in a population during a specified period of time.
Prevalence
Prevalence
A measure of persons in the population suffering from a disease or injury at a specified point in time.
Cohort study
Cohort study
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Case-control study
Case-control study
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Relative risk (RR)
Relative risk (RR)
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Odds ratio (OR)
Odds ratio (OR)
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Intervention
Intervention
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Study Notes
Epidemiology
- The study of disease distribution and causes in populations
- Determinants are risk factors/causes
- Studies patterns and causes of diseases and injuries
- Incidence (risk) measures new cases within a period
- Prevalence (proportion) measures cases at a specific time
- Chronic and infectious diseases are studied
Identifying Risk Factors/Causes
- Determine if X might increase risk of Y
- Determine if X causes Y
- Essential data is needed for these determinations
- Cohort and case-control studies are methods
Cohort Studies
- Begin with healthy individuals
- Compare disease/injury incidents over a follow-up period
- Relative risk (RR) is calculated
- RR = Incidence rate in exposed divided by incidence rate in non-exposed
Case-Control Studies
- Start by identifying cases and matching healthy controls
- Compare past exposures of cases and controls
- Odds ratio (OR) = Odds of exposure in cases divided by odds of exposure in controls
- Data sources include primary collected data.
Other Elements
- Researchers collect primary data through surveillance
- Quasi-experimental studies compare communities with interventions.
- Policy research evaluates policies/programs to reach people who benefit from them.
- Cost-effectiveness analysis details policies/programs and their resource needs.
- Implementation research identifies factors facilitating policy/program implementation.
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