Enzymes Quiz
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Specific biologic proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed or changed.

Enzymes

This is where plasma specific enzymes are synthesized

Liver

Cofactors are nonprotein entities that must bind to particular enzymes before a reaction occurs. Coenzymes, Activators, Metalloenzymes are the three types of ________.

cofactors

Coenzymes are second ________.

<p>substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activators are inorganic ions that alters the spatial configuration of the enzyme for proper ________ binding.

<p>substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metalloenzymes are inorganic ions attached to a ________.

<p>molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Binding site consists of sequences of amino acids which determines____ of the enzyme

<p>enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are nonprotein entities that must bind to particular enzymes before a reaction occurs.

<p>Cofactors</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are second substrates.

<p>Coenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activators include inorganic ions which may be ______ or anions.

<p>cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are inorganic ions attached to a molecule.

<p>Metalloenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active site consists of binding site and catalytic site. Binding site consists of sequences of amino acids which determines specificity of ______.

<p>Binding site and catalytic site</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of isoforms in terms of serum protein?

<p>Result from post translational modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do isoforms differ from isoenzymes?

<p>Isoforms result from gene modifications while isoenzymes result from post translational modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the presence of isoforms have on enzyme activity?

<p>Enhances catalytic efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about isoforms is true?

<p>Isoforms exhibit different biochemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do isoforms contribute to enzyme diversity?

<p>By varying catalytic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are isoenzymes?

<p>Different forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same biochemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing factor between different isoenzymes?

<p>Their ability to be inhibited by specific agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do isoforms impact enzyme functionality?

<p>By enhancing enzyme-substrate interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do isoenzymes differ from each other in terms of physical properties?

<p>Isoelectric point and electrophoretic mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates isoenzymes in terms of their enzymatic properties?

<p>Reactivity with specific agents and substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the assessment of specific tissue damage important in relation to isoenzymes?

<p>To locate the tissue distribution of specific isoenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of isoenzymes, what influences their ability to catalyze biochemical reactions?

<p>Their interaction with activators and metalloenzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stereoisomer specific' mean in relation to enzymes?

<p>The enzyme acts on a particular steric or optical isomer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the enzyme commission classify enzymes?

<p>By assigning an EC numerical code for each enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were trivial recommended names assigned to enzymes?

<p>To make the systematic names more usable due to their length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes?

<p>Catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do coenzymes play in enzyme reactions?

<p>Binding to the active site of enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are enzymes effective in small concentrations?

<p>To affect the speed of attaining equilibrium without changing final concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the first digit of an EC numerical code categorize enzymes?

<p>By placing the enzyme in one of six classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma specific enzymes?

<p>Perform definite and specific physiological functions in plasma at higher concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are changes in enzyme concentration considered a sensitive diagnostic tool?

<p>To track changes that have occurred in various types of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the specificity of an enzyme's binding site?

<p>The sequences of amino acids that make up the binding site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are plasma specific enzymes synthesized?

<p>Exclusively in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of enzyme isoforms on physiologic functions?

<p>Are essential to physiologic functions such as nerve conduction and muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of geometric, optical, or positional isomers within a molecule?

<p>Isomerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ligases or synthetases among the classes of enzymes mentioned?

<p>Catalyze bond formation reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the second and third digits of the EC code number represent for an enzyme?

<p>The subclass and sub-subclass</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for converting glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to dihydroxy acetone phosphate?

<p>Triosephosphate isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of the substrate molecules joined by ligases or synthetases?

<p>They form a double bond during the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of enzyme catalyzes the removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis, resulting in products with double bonds?

<p>Aldolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding Oxidoreductases is TRUE?

<p>They catalyze the transfer of a hydrogen group from one substrate to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Creatine kinase is primarily found in which organ?

<p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme was formerly known as SGPT?

<p>AST</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT listed as being part of the composition of enzymes?

<p>Chlorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amylase is classified as which type of enzyme?

<p>Hydrolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate molecular weight range of enzymes as mentioned in the text?

<p>10,000-100,000 Daltons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the first digit on the EC code of an enzyme indicate?

<p>Class of the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are enzymes classified as in the text?

<p>Globular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are plasma specific enzymes primarily synthesized according to the text?

<p>Liver tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes affect the speed of attaining equilibrium at any given temperature?

<p>By not changing the concentrations of substrates and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines absolute specificity in enzymes?

<p>The enzyme combines with only one substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of specificity involves the enzyme reacting with substrates containing similar structural groups?

<p>Group specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzymes that exhibit bond specificity?

<p>They combine with only one substrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In enzyme classification, what distinguishes metalloenzymes?

<p>Inorganic ions attached to the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of a proenzyme/zymogen?

<p>Inactivation until altered by other enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the binding site of an active site influence enzyme activity?

<p>Determining the enzyme's specificity through sequences of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do allosteric sites differ from active sites in terms of their effect on enzyme activity?

<p>Allosteric sites inhibit enzyme activity by blocking substrate binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes isoforms from isoenzymes?

<p>Post-translational modifications resulting in multiple forms of serum protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do different factors impact the plasma concentration of enzymes?

<p>Regulating the expression of enzyme genes through DNA methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are isoenzymes metabolized and excreted in biological systems?

<p>By tissue-specific expression leading to differential excretion rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is the protein portion of the enzyme

<p>Apoenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

A complete and active system which is formed when an enzyme is bound with its respective coenzyme

<p>Holoenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inactive form of an enzyme

<p>Proenzyzme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzyme combines with one substrate catalyzes one reaction

<p>Absolute specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acts only on molecules with specific functional group

<p>Group specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzyme reacts with substrates that contains similar structural group

<p>Group Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of specificity of amino, phosphate, and methyl group

<p>Group Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enyzme acts on a particular steric or optical isomer.

<p>Stereoisomer specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical reaction where carbohydrate is attached to a protein to form glycoprotein

<p>Glycosylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical reaction that involves adding phosphate to an organic compound

<p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cleavage of proteins into smaller components.

<p>Proteolytic cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cleavage of proteins into smaller components

<p>Protein degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the list of oxidoreductases

<ol> <li>LDH- Lactate dehydrogenase 2.. G-6-PDH- Glucose-6-phosphate dehyrdrogenase</li> <li>GLD- Glutamate dehydrogenase</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

This class of enzyme catalyzes an electron transfer or oxidation-reduction reaction between two substrates

<p>Oxidoreductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

This class of enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a group (amino, carboxyl, methyl, or phosphoryl group) other than hydrogen from one substrate to another substrate

<p>Transferases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the list of transferases?

<ol> <li>AST- Aspartate aminotransferase</li> <li>ALT- Alanine aminotransferase</li> <li>CK- Creatinine kinase</li> <li>GGT- Gamma glutamyl transferase</li> <li>α- GST- Glutathione-S-transferase</li> <li>GP- Glycogen phosphorylase</li> <li>PK- Pyruvate kinase</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

This class of enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of various bonds with the addition of water.

<p>Hydrolases</p> Signup and view all the answers

List of Hydrolases

<ol> <li>ALP- Alkaline phosphatase</li> <li>ACP- Acid phosphatase</li> <li>AMY- Amylase</li> <li>PCHIE- Cholinesterase</li> <li>TRY- Trypsin</li> <li>CHY- Chymotripsin</li> <li>NTP - 5'nucleotidase</li> <li>LPS-Triacylglycerol lipase</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

This class of enzyme catalyzes the removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis in which the product contains double bonds.

<p>Lyases</p> Signup and view all the answers

This class of enzyme hydrolyzes bonds by elimination with the formation of a double bond.

<p>Lyases</p> Signup and view all the answers

List of Lyases

<ol> <li>ALD-Aldolase</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

This class of enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of geometric, optical or positional isomers within a molecule.

<p>Isomerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lists of Isomerases

<ol> <li>TPI- triosephosphate isomerase</li> <li>Glucose phosphate isomerase</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

This class of enzyme catalyzes the joining of two substrate molecules coupled with breaking of the pyrophosphate bond in ATP

<p>Ligases/Synthetases</p> Signup and view all the answers

List of Ligases

<ol> <li>GSH-S - Glutathione synthetase</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enzymes and Proteins

  • Specific biologic proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being altered or consumed are enzymes.
  • Plasma-specific enzymes are synthesized primarily in the liver and other key organs.
  • Cofactors are essential nonprotein entities that bind to enzymes before reactions can occur.

Types of Cofactors

  • Coenzymes: Nonprotein organic molecules that assist enzymes by acting as second substrates.
  • Activators: Inorganic ions that modify enzyme spatial configuration, enabling proper substrate binding.
  • Metalloenzymes: Enzymes containing inorganic metal ions crucial for their catalytic activity.

Binding and Active Sites

  • The binding site is a region in the enzyme consisting of amino acid sequences that determine its specificity for substrates.
  • The active site includes both the binding site and the catalytic site.

Isoforms and Isoenzymes

  • Isoforms are variants of enzymes that may perform similar functions but can differ in activity or stability.
  • Isoenzymes are different enzyme forms that catalyze the same reaction but differ in kinetic or physical properties.
  • The presence of isoforms can significantly affect enzyme activity and physiological functions.

Enzyme Classification and Functionality

  • The Enzyme Commission (EC) classifies enzymes based on the types of reactions they catalyze.
  • Enzymes are often effective even in small concentrations due to their ability to speed up reactions without being consumed.
  • Enzymes can exhibit absolute specificity, reacting only with particular substrates, or relative specificity, reacting with similar functional groups.

Specific Classes of Enzymes

  • Oxidoreductases: Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, involving electron transfer between substrates.
  • Transferases: Facilitate the transfer of functional groups from one molecule to another.
  • Hydrolases: Catalyze hydrolysis reactions, breaking bonds through the addition of water.
  • Lyases: Remove substrates to form double bonds without hydrolysis.
  • Isomerases: Interconvert geometric, optical, or positional isomers.
  • Ligases: Catalyze the joining of two substrate molecules, involving ATP hydrolysis.

Enzyme Properties

  • Enzymes’ molecular weights typically range significantly, reflecting diverse structures and functions.
  • Changes in enzyme concentration can serve as sensitive diagnostic markers for tissue damage or disease states.
  • Active site characteristics define an enzyme's specificity and influence its catalytic efficiency.

Biochemical Reactions and Enzyme Diversity

  • Reactions that modify proteins include phosphorylation, glycosylation (adding carbohydrates), and cleavage into smaller components.
  • The term 'stereoisomer specific' implies an enzyme's ability to act selectively on specific stereoisomers.
  • Enzymes like amylase and creatine kinase show specific tissue localization, critical for understanding their roles in metabolism and pathology.

Additional Key Points

  • Enzymatic reactions involving coenzymes illustrate the collaborative nature of biomolecules in metabolic processes.
  • Isomerases and ligases play pivotal roles in more complex biosynthetic pathways, contributing to cellular metabolism and energy transfer.
  • Understanding enzyme mechanisms and their varying isoforms aids in therapeutic development and biochemical research.

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