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What is the primary role of enzymes in living organisms?
What is the primary role of enzymes in living organisms?
How do enzymes accelerate the rate of reactions?
How do enzymes accelerate the rate of reactions?
What is one important characteristic of enzyme catalysts?
What is one important characteristic of enzyme catalysts?
Why is enzyme localization within specific organelles important?
Why is enzyme localization within specific organelles important?
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What does the IUB classification of enzymes primarily focus on?
What does the IUB classification of enzymes primarily focus on?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of enzymes in diagnosis?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of enzymes in diagnosis?
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Which of the following best represents a therapeutic use of enzymes?
Which of the following best represents a therapeutic use of enzymes?
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What is NOT a property of enzymes?
What is NOT a property of enzymes?
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What is the primary reason enzymes are considered more efficient than non-enzyme catalysts?
What is the primary reason enzymes are considered more efficient than non-enzyme catalysts?
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Which of the following statements about enzyme commission numerical code (EC) is true?
Which of the following statements about enzyme commission numerical code (EC) is true?
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What type of enzymes are trypsin and pepsin classified as?
What type of enzymes are trypsin and pepsin classified as?
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Which of the following enzyme-substrate pairs is correctly matched?
Which of the following enzyme-substrate pairs is correctly matched?
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What component indicates the cofactor in the enzyme commission code E.C. 1.1.1.1?
What component indicates the cofactor in the enzyme commission code E.C. 1.1.1.1?
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What happens to the reaction velocity of enzymes as substrate concentration increases?
What happens to the reaction velocity of enzymes as substrate concentration increases?
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In the reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase, which of the following is the substrate?
In the reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase, which of the following is the substrate?
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What characterizes the plot of initial reaction velocity against substrate concentration for allosteric enzymes?
What characterizes the plot of initial reaction velocity against substrate concentration for allosteric enzymes?
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What is the primary action of protease enzymes?
What is the primary action of protease enzymes?
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How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme velocity?
How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme velocity?
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Which enzyme acts on maltose to produce glucose?
Which enzyme acts on maltose to produce glucose?
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At what temperature do most human enzymes denature?
At what temperature do most human enzymes denature?
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What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity up to the optimum temperature?
What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity up to the optimum temperature?
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What occurs when pH deviates from an enzyme's optimum pH?
What occurs when pH deviates from an enzyme's optimum pH?
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What underlies the relationship between enzyme active sites and substratum at optimum pH?
What underlies the relationship between enzyme active sites and substratum at optimum pH?
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What factors affect enzyme activity according to the provided information?
What factors affect enzyme activity according to the provided information?
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What is the main role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
What is the main role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
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What part of the enzyme is crucial for substrate attachment?
What part of the enzyme is crucial for substrate attachment?
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Which of the following is true regarding the specificity of enzymes?
Which of the following is true regarding the specificity of enzymes?
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What is a coenzyme?
What is a coenzyme?
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How do enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction?
How do enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction?
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What distinguishes conjugated enzymes from simple enzymes?
What distinguishes conjugated enzymes from simple enzymes?
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What type of cofactor is tightly bound to an enzyme?
What type of cofactor is tightly bound to an enzyme?
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Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?
Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?
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Which enzyme is routinely used for diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction?
Which enzyme is routinely used for diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction?
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Which enzyme is reflective of damage to hepatocytes?
Which enzyme is reflective of damage to hepatocytes?
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For which therapeutic application is Streptokinase/Urokinase used?
For which therapeutic application is Streptokinase/Urokinase used?
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Which enzyme is used as a tumor marker for prostate cancer?
Which enzyme is used as a tumor marker for prostate cancer?
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Which enzyme is associated with cholestasis?
Which enzyme is associated with cholestasis?
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Which enzyme is primarily used to test for triglycerides?
Which enzyme is primarily used to test for triglycerides?
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Which enzyme reflects advanced malignancies and leukemias?
Which enzyme reflects advanced malignancies and leukemias?
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Hyaluronidase is primarily used for which purpose?
Hyaluronidase is primarily used for which purpose?
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Which enzyme is utilized in the testing of glucose levels?
Which enzyme is utilized in the testing of glucose levels?
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Which enzyme is associated with pancreatic insufficiency?
Which enzyme is associated with pancreatic insufficiency?
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What is the primary role of enzymes secreted by the liver into the blood?
What is the primary role of enzymes secreted by the liver into the blood?
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Increased levels of certain plasma enzymes may indicate what?
Increased levels of certain plasma enzymes may indicate what?
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How can enzyme activity levels in plasma assist in patient evaluation?
How can enzyme activity levels in plasma assist in patient evaluation?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of serum enzyme activity assays?
Which of the following is NOT a use of serum enzyme activity assays?
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What defines isoenzymes (isozymes)?
What defines isoenzymes (isozymes)?
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Which of the following diseases can enzymes serve as diagnostic markers for?
Which of the following diseases can enzymes serve as diagnostic markers for?
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What is a common application of enzymatic assays in clinical settings?
What is a common application of enzymatic assays in clinical settings?
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What happens to the levels of intracellular enzymes during normal cell turnover?
What happens to the levels of intracellular enzymes during normal cell turnover?
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Study Notes
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- The background is a checkered pattern.
- There is a yellow design with the words "DESIGN" and "60" on it.
Enzymes Lecture Notes
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Objectives: Students will be able to:
- Identify enzyme catalyst characteristics.
- Understand enzyme properties.
- Explain how enzymes accelerate reactions.
- Understand enzyme composition and nomenclature.
- Identify IUB enzyme classification.
- Know factors affecting enzyme activity.
- Understand clinical enzymology in disease diagnosis.
Enzyme Importance
- Enzymes play a key role in metabolism, diagnosis, and therapeutics.
- All biochemical reactions in living organisms are catalyzed by enzymes.
- Enzyme levels in blood can be diagnostic indicators, such as in myocardial infarction.
- Enzymes can be used therapeutically or commercially (e.g., detergents).
Enzyme Location in Cells
- Many enzymes are found in specific organelles within cells.
- Compartmentalization isolates substrates/products to prevent competing reactions.
- This creates a favorable environment for enzyme action within cells.
Important Definitions
- Catalyst: Organic or inorganic substances that accelerate chemical reactions.
- Enzyme: Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being part of the reaction.
- Enzymes (function): Proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions in cells.
Active Site
- Active site is where substrates bind on an enzyme molecule.
- Enzymes are typically large proteins with a special pocket or cleft as their active site.
- Substrate enters active site, enzyme binds, products are formed, and products leave.
General Enzyme Characteristics
- Enzymes are neither consumed nor produced during reactions.
- Most enzymes are proteins.
- Enzymes have varying degrees of specificity for substrates.
- Enzymes can recognize/catalyze a single substrate, groups of similar substrates, or particular types of bonds.
- Typically function in a moderate pH and temperature range.
Enzyme Specificity
- Absolute: Catalyzes one type of reaction for a single substrate (e.g., urease and urea hydrolysis).
- Group: Catalyzes a single reaction for similar substrates (e.g., hexokinase).
- Linkage: Catalyzes a single reaction for a specific bond type (e.g., chymotrypsin and peptide bond hydrolysis).
Enzyme Composition
- Enzymes are either simple proteins or conjugated proteins.
- Simple enzymes: Hydrolysis yields only amino acids (native conformation required for activity).
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Conjugated enzymes (holoenzymes): Composed of a protein part (apoenzyme) and a non-protein part (cofactor).
- Prosthetic groups: Tightly bound cofactors that cannot be removed without enzyme destruction (e.g., FAD, metals).
- Coenzymes: Loosely bound cofactors that can be separated from the apoprotein (e.g., NAD, FAD, coenzyme-A).
Enzyme Acceleration of Reactions
- Enzymes decrease activation energy.
- Enzymes accelerate reactions by reducing energy needed to convert substrate to transition state.
- Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are typically much faster than uncatalyzed reactions.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- Substrate concentration: Rate increases with substrate concentration until maximal velocity.
- Enzyme concentration: Rate increases with increasing enzyme concentration.
- Temperature: Optimum temperature exists for each enzyme where activity is highest; further increases lead to denaturation.
- pH: Optimum pH for each enzyme; changes outside this range lead to denaturation.
Clinical Enzymology
- Blood plasma contains enzymes that can indicate tissue damage.
- Many diseases cause increased release of intracellular enzymes to the blood.
- Enzyme activity levels are often helpful for diagnosing and assessing the severity/prognosis of certain diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction or liver diseases).
Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
- Enzymes can serve as diagnostic markers.
- Enzymes can be used in biochemical estimations and tests (useful for various diseases like myocardial infarction, liver diseases, muscle diseases, bone diseases, cancers, and GI tract diseases).
Enzyme Assays in Clinical Diagnosis
- Myocardial Infarction: Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
- Liver Diseases: Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase.
Other Enzyme Uses
- Enzymes are used as diagnostic reagents (e.g. urease, glucose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, and lipase).
- Enzymes may be used therapeutically (e.g. streptokinase, trypsin, lipase, amylase, and hyaluronidase for various medical applications).
Enzymes as Tumor Markers
- Some enzymes (e.g., serum acid phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase) may be elevated in specific cancers or metastases, indicating possible issues.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts about enzymes, including their characteristics, properties, and roles in biochemical reactions. Students will learn about enzyme classification, factors affecting enzyme activity, and the importance of enzymes in clinical diagnosis and therapeutics. Test your understanding of these essential biological catalysts!
