Enzymes in Nutrition

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the active site in enzymatic catalysis?

To inhibit the enzyme

To increase the energy barrier of the reaction

To denature the enzyme

To bind the substrate and facilitate the reaction (correct)

What is the term for a precursor of an enzyme that is inactive?

Holoenzyme

Proenzyme (correct)

Apoenzyme

Isoenzyme

What is the unit of measurement for enzymatic activity?

Molarity per minute

moles per liter per second

Molarity

International Unit (correct)

What is the term for a system of multiple enzymes working together?

Multienzyme system Signup and view all the answers

What is the factor that affects enzymatic activity by increasing the energy barrier of the reaction?

Inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is Km in enzyme kinetics?

The substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes has a high affinity for its substrate?

Alkaline phosphatase Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hypothesis proposed by Fischer to explain enzyme-substrate binding?

Lock and key hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of catalysts in biological systems?

To speed up chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of enzymes based on?

The substrate they act on Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enzymes in biological systems?

To catalyze chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the organization that develops the classification system for enzymes?

IUB Signup and view all the answers

What is the reactant in the reaction Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate?

Glucose-6-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzyme catalyzes the reaction Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

Aldolase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

To catalyze specific chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction glutámico + amoníaco?

Glutamina Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the reaction Sacarosa → Fructosa + Glucosa?

Invertasa Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the product of the reaction Triacilglicerol →?

βmonoacilglicerol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Apoenzimas?

Naturaleza proteica Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe enzymes that require a metal ion to be active?

Metaloenzimas Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction Lactosa →?

Glucosa + Galactosa Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the reaction Pesinógeno →?

Pepsina Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the molecule that is converted to an active enzyme?

Zimógeno Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a suicidal inhibitor?

It permanently inactivates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a non-competitive inhibitor on the Km of an enzyme?

It has no effect on the Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enzyme regulation?

To maintain homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an enzyme cascade?

It is a series of enzyme reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an isoenzyme?

A variant of an enzyme with different kinetic properties Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on the enzyme-substrate binding?

It decreases the enzyme-substrate binding Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using enzymes in the industry?

To reduce the cost and energy required for a reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of heat on enzyme activity?

It permanently inactivates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnosis of Marcelo's symptoms?

Pancreatitis aguda Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

Producing enzymes to digest food in the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ethanol on pancreatic enzymes?

It denatures them Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lithiasis biliar and pancreatitis?

Lithiasis biliar is a cause of pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of pancreatitis on pancreatic exocrine secretion?

It decreases the secretion of digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzymes are involved in pancreatic digestion?

Hydrolases Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of pancreatitis on the pancreas itself?

It causes inflammation and tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the dual function of the pancreas?

Producing hormones and digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enzymes

Enzymes are biological molecules that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms.
They are essential in biological systems as they increase reaction rates, allowing cells to maintain homeostasis and perform various functions.

Classification of Enzymes

Enzymes can be classified into different groups based on their mode of action and the type of reaction they catalyze.
Examples of enzyme classes include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases.

Metabolic Reactions

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate in a reaction catalyzed by an aldose isomerase.
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in a reaction catalyzed by an aldolase.
Acetylglutamic acid and ammonia are converted to glutamine in a reaction catalyzed by a glutamine synthetase.
Malate is converted to oxaloacetate in a reaction catalyzed by a malate dehydrogenase.

Pre-metabolic Reactions

Sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose in a reaction catalyzed by a sucrase.
Lactose is broken down into galactose and glucose in a reaction catalyzed by a lactase.
Triacylglycerol is broken down into β-monoacylglycerol and fatty acid salts in a reaction catalyzed by a lipase.

Activation of Zymogens

Zymogens are inactive enzyme precursors that require activation to become functional enzymes.
Examples of zymogens include pepsinogen, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen.

Properties of Enzymes

Apoenzymes are protein components of enzymes that lack catalytic activity without a cofactor.
Coenzymes are non-protein molecules that bind to apoenzymes to form active enzymes.
Examples of coenzymes include NAD+, FAD, and CoA.

Metalloenzymes

Metalloenzymes are enzymes that contain a metal ion as a cofactor.
Examples of metalloenzymes include iron-containing enzymes, copper-containing enzymes, zinc-containing enzymes, and magnesium-containing enzymes.

Enzyme Catalysis

Enzyme catalysis involves the binding of a substrate to an enzyme's active site, followed by a conformational change that facilitates the reaction.
The enzyme-substrate complex is stabilized by weak bonds, allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly.

Active Site

The active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate binding and catalysis occur.
The active site is typically a cleft or pocket on the enzyme surface that is lined with amino acid residues that participate in substrate binding and catalysis.

Systems Multienzyme

Systems multienzyme are complexes of multiple enzymes that work together to catalyze a series of reactions.
Examples of systems multienzyme include fatty acid synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Enzyme activity can be regulated through various mechanisms, including substrate inhibition, allosteric regulation, and covalent modification.

Inhibition of Enzyme Activity

Enzyme inhibitors can be classified into competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors.
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, preventing substrate binding, while non-competitive inhibitors bind to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's conformation and reducing activity.

Industrial Applications of Enzymes

Enzymes are used in various industries, including food, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries.
Examples of enzymes used in industry include papain, amylase, and lipase.

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Description

Quiz about enzymes in nutrition, covering their role as catalysts, classification, and graphical representation of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.