Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are enzymes?
What are enzymes?
Proteins which speed up the rate of chemical reactions by acting as biological catalysts.
What term is used to describe an enzyme that acts outside cells?
What term is used to describe an enzyme that acts outside cells?
Extracellular
What is the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
What is the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
A certain amount of energy that needs to be supplied to the chemicals before the reaction will start.
How do enzymes affect the activation energy?
How do enzymes affect the activation energy?
What is a catalyst?
What is a catalyst?
Which line shows a reaction with the presence of an enzyme?
Which line shows a reaction with the presence of an enzyme?
What does the line labelled X represent?
What does the line labelled X represent?
What is the main difference between the lock and key model and the induced fit model?
What is the main difference between the lock and key model and the induced fit model?
What determines the shape of an enzyme's active site?
What determines the shape of an enzyme's active site?
Why will an enzyme only bind with one substrate?
Why will an enzyme only bind with one substrate?
What is the enzyme's tertiary structure determined by?
What is the enzyme's tertiary structure determined by?
How does the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex lower the activation energy?
How does the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex lower the activation energy?
Name the two ways you could measure enzyme activity.
Name the two ways you could measure enzyme activity.
Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of enzyme activity.
Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of enzyme activity.
Explain how a very high temperature can stop an enzyme from working.
Explain how a very high temperature can stop an enzyme from working.
What happens to an enzyme's shape and function when it is denatured?
What happens to an enzyme's shape and function when it is denatured?
Give two factors which can denature an enzyme.
Give two factors which can denature an enzyme.
What is meant by the 'saturation point' in an enzyme-controlled reaction?
What is meant by the 'saturation point' in an enzyme-controlled reaction?
Explain what happens in an enzyme-controlled reaction when the substrate concentration is increased after the saturation point.
Explain what happens in an enzyme-controlled reaction when the substrate concentration is increased after the saturation point.
Explain the effect of increasing the enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
Explain the effect of increasing the enzyme concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
Where does a non-competitive inhibitor bind to an enzyme?
Where does a non-competitive inhibitor bind to an enzyme?
Where does a competitive inhibitor bind to an enzyme?
Where does a competitive inhibitor bind to an enzyme?
Explain how non-competitive inhibition prevents enzyme activity.
Explain how non-competitive inhibition prevents enzyme activity.
How do the relative concentrations of the inhibitor and substrate affect how much the enzyme is inhibited?
How do the relative concentrations of the inhibitor and substrate affect how much the enzyme is inhibited?
How do competitive inhibitors prevent enzyme activity?
How do competitive inhibitors prevent enzyme activity?
Flashcards
Enzyme
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in living things.
Biological Catalyst
Biological Catalyst
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.
Activation Energy
Activation Energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Enzyme's Role in Activation Energy
Enzyme's Role in Activation Energy
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Extracellular Enzyme
Extracellular Enzyme
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Lock and Key Model
Lock and Key Model
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Induced Fit Model
Induced Fit Model
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Active Site
Active Site
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Enzyme Specificity
Enzyme Specificity
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Denaturation
Denaturation
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Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Activity
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Temperature Effect on Enzymes
Temperature Effect on Enzymes
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Saturation Point
Saturation Point
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Enzyme Concentration Effect
Enzyme Concentration Effect
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Competitive Inhibitor
Competitive Inhibitor
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Non-Competitive Inhibitor
Non-Competitive Inhibitor
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Inhibitor Concentration Effect
Inhibitor Concentration Effect
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Study Notes
Enzymes Overview
- Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.
- They work by lowering the activation energy required for reactions to occur.
Enzyme Locations and Types
- Extracellular enzymes function outside of cells.
Activation Energy
- Activation energy is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
- Enzymes significantly lower this energy, allowing reactions to occur at lower temperatures.
Catalysts
- A catalyst accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
Enzyme Models
- The lock and key model has a fixed active site shape, while the induced fit model involves a slight shape change in the active site to accommodate the substrate.
Active Site and Structure
- An enzyme's active site shape is determined by its tertiary structure, which in turn is defined by its primary structure (sequence of amino acids).
- Enzymes can only bind with substrates that fit their active site shape, ensuring specificity.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
- The formation of an enzyme-substrate complex decreases activation energy in two ways:
- Holding two substrates close reduces repulsion, facilitating bonding.
- Straining substrate bonds makes them easier to break in breakdown reactions.
Measuring Enzyme Activity
- Enzyme activity can be measured by the rate of product formation or the rate of substrate breakdown.
Temperature Effects on Enzymes
- Increased temperature results in higher kinetic energy, leading to more frequent successful collisions between substrate and active sites.
- Extreme temperatures can lead to denaturation, as bonds that maintain enzyme shape break, altering the active site.
Denaturation and Factors
- Factors that can denature enzymes include high temperature and unfavorable pH levels.
- Denaturation results in loss of the enzyme's functional shape, preventing substrate binding.
Saturation Point
- The saturation point occurs when all active sites on the enzyme are occupied, rendering further substrate increases ineffective.
Enzyme Concentration Effects
- Increasing enzyme concentration raises reaction rates until substrate becomes limiting, after which additional enzymes have no effect.
Inhibition Mechanisms
- Non-competitive inhibitors bind away from the active site, altering its shape and preventing substrate binding.
- Competitive inhibitors resemble substrates, competing for the active site and blocking substrate access.
Inhibitor Concentration Effects
- Higher inhibitor concentrations than substrate thwart reaction by occupying active sites.
- Conversely, when substrate concentration exceeds that of the inhibitor, the likelihood of substrate binding to the active site increases.
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Description
Test your knowledge of enzymes with these flashcards. Each card presents a key concept, from the definition of enzymes to activation energy and extracellular enzymes. Perfect for students learning about biochemistry and biology.
