157 Questions
Which of the following best describes postmodernism?
It rejects the idea of objective foundations and asserts that all knowledge is constructed.
Which of the following ideologies is presented as a potential remedy to ethnic nationalism, according to the text?
Multiculturalism
Which of the following ideologies is contrasted with the largely secular Enlightenment ideologies, according to the text?
Religious fundamentalism
Which of the following statements is true about modern feminist thought?
It underscores the political significance of the differences between men and women.
Which of the following statements about postmodernism is NOT true, according to the text?
It is considered a single, coherent ideology with dedicated chapters in major accounts.
What is the main focus of the ontological debate mentioned in the text?
Whether reality is a product of social construction
According to postmodernist theorists, what does the term 'postmodernism' primarily describe?
A world that is fragmented and uncertain
How has voting behavior changed in Western societies according to the text?
It is now influenced by a broader range of issues
What characterizes postmodernism according to the text?
Observing and acknowledging the current situation
How do anti-foundationalists view the social world?
As constructed through social processes
What is the primary purpose of the treaty settlements between the government and Indigenous Mori tribal groups in Aotearoa, New Zealand?
All of the above
Which of the following is considered a distinct ideology, separate from other traditional ideologies?
Ecologism
What is the main critique of the 'limits-to-growth' perspective on political thought?
It challenges the belief that humans can control their environment indefinitely for economic gain
What is the primary focus of the chapter described in the overview?
The emergence of contemporary ideologies that challenge traditional Western ideologies
What does the chapter overview suggest about the relationship between liberal feminism, postmodernism, and other ideological frameworks?
Liberal feminism and postmodernism have Western roots, but their modern forms are significantly influenced by other ideological frameworks.
What is the central challenge that postmodernism presents to modernist ideologies according to the chapter overview?
Postmodernism disputes the notion that any single ideology can comprehensively address all aspects of the social and political realms.
Postmodernism is a normative theory that prescribes how the world should be.
False
The ontological debate revolves around whether there is an objective reality external to human perception or if reality is a product of social construction.
True
Postmodernism has led to the emergence of only democratic regimes in Eastern Europe.
False
Anti-foundationalists believe in the existence of a real social world independent of our ability to create and understand it.
False
Voting behavior in Western societies has become more individualistic and influenced by a diverse array of factors, including environmentalism and feminism.
True
Postmodernism rejects the notion that a single ideology can comprehensively explain the social and political realms.
True
Contemporary ideologies often highlight the importance of diversity and respect for differences based on gender, culture, and ethnicity.
True
Liberal feminism and postmodernism have no influence on or from other ideological frameworks.
False
The ideologies discussed in the chapter emerged in response to the adverse consequences of traditional ideologies.
True
Postmodernism does not emphasize the subjective nature of political ideologies.
False
Modern feminist thought embraces rigid value systems.
False
Environmentalism questions the pursuit of dominating nature and its outcomes.
True
The rise of Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the American Christian right is unrelated to religious fundamentalism.
False
Postmodernism is considered an ideology rather than a critique of ideologies in various disciplines.
False
The Whanganui River in Aotearoa, New Zealand is considered to 'own itself' as a result of the 2014 treaty settlement between the government and the Mori tribal group.
True
The 'limits-to-growth' perspective on political thought challenges the belief that humans can control their environment indefinitely for economic gain.
True
Ecosocialism, ecoliberalism, and ecofeminism are all considered distinct ideologies, separate from other traditional ideologies.
False
The presence of Green political parties globally suggests that ecologists perceive their stance as distinct from other traditional ideologies.
True
How does the 2014 treaty settlement in Aotearoa, New Zealand reflect the growing influence of Indigenous thought in mainstream discourse?
The 2014 treaty settlement restored the Māori role as guardians of the Whanganui River, acknowledging their deep connection to it. As a result, a form of co-management emerged where the river is considered to 'own itself'.
What is the significance of concepts like ecosocialism, ecoliberalism, and ecofeminism in relation to traditional ideologies?
The emergence of these concepts indicates that thinkers from various traditional ideological backgrounds have attempted to align their positions with environmentalism.
How does the 'limits-to-growth' perspective challenge traditional political thought, according to the text?
The 'limits-to-growth' perspective challenges the simplistic belief held by liberals, socialists, and Marxists alike, that humans can control their environment indefinitely for economic gain.
What is the central argument presented in the text regarding the status of ecologism as an ideology?
The presence of Green political parties globally suggests that ecologists perceive their stance as distinct from other traditional ideologies.
How does the text characterize the role of Indigenous movements in the landscape of ecologism?
Indigenous movements, characterized by a robust environmental ethic, further contribute to the landscape of ecologism.
Which type of party structure is characterized by a small group holding most of the power, usually consisting of members elected to the legislative body?
Cadre party
Which of the following best describes the structure of a militia party, according to the text?
Highly centralized, sometimes paramilitary-like organization with high demands on supporters
What is a common characteristic of most Western party systems?
Moderate competitiveness primarily concentrated on elite positions
What does the text suggest as a potential future scenario for political parties?
A more pluralistic form of decision making and elite accommodation
Which type of party structure has extra-parliamentary origins and a high degree of control by the membership organization?
Mass party
A cadre party is characterized by a small group holding most of the power.
True
Militia parties have a decentralized leadership structure.
False
Mass parties often have minimal demands on the general membership.
False
Most Western party systems are characterized by intense competitiveness over elite positions.
False
Communist parties typically follow the model of cadre parties.
False
What is the main reason cited in the text for the UK's decision to hold a referendum on Brexit?
To address internal divisions within the Conservative Party
The arbitrary imposition of borders by European powers in Africa during the Berlin Conference has had no lasting impact on the continent.
False
Weak states are more vulnerable to new challenges because they lack flexibility and are slow to adapt.
True
European and North American states generally exhibit less resilience and more fragility compared to countries in the developing world.
False
The weakness of many African states is the result of the interpenetration of state, society, and the economy.
True
The lack of popular support for the official ideology of communism was not a factor in the downfall of regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
False
The mutual recognition of sovereignty by states affirms each other's authority as legitimate rulers over defined territories.
True
Diplomatic recognition guarantees absolute protection for states against external threats and incursions.
False
The 20th century witnessed the emergence of totalitarian regimes, such as Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, that perpetrated mass atrocities and imposed extensive control over citizens' private lives.
True
The presence of equivalent bureaucratic agencies, such as foreign ministries, in each state fosters the proliferation of government agencies at the local and domestic levels.
False
Fragile states are typically characterized by a small group holding most of the power, usually consisting of members elected to the legislative body.
False
A state's lack of legitimacy can undermine its stability and require coercion to maintain control over its population.
True
Disputes over borders and contested sovereignty are not significant factors affecting the legitimacy of states, especially in postcolonial nations.
False
The ability to project military might globally is a determinant of a state's strength and capacity to pursue its foreign policy objectives.
True
Economic strength and the ability to finance public services have no bearing on the practical capacity of a state to pursue its goals.
False
The size of a state, in terms of its population and territory, does not play a significant role in determining its practical capacity to pursue its goals.
False
States in the developed world always perfectly fulfill all governance functions and exhibit complete resilience.
False
Fragile states struggle to develop constructive relations with society and lack the capacity to carry out basic governance functions.
True
The European colonial divisions in Africa disregarded existing ethnic and political boundaries, leading to artificial borders.
True
Borderland communities in African states face no significant challenges in economic development.
False
$rac{1}{2}$ of African countries are comprised of populations divided by colonial partitions, causing enduring governance and stability issues.
True
How does the text describe the concept of 'whole-process democracy' introduced by Xi Jinping?
The text states that the 'whole-process democracy' concept emphasizes that major legislative decisions undergo democratic deliberations to ensure sound decision-making.
What is the basis of the Chinese government's legitimacy under the 'whole-process democracy' model?
The text states that the legitimacy of the government is rooted in the ruler's commitment to the people's well-being, even if the citizens have limited influence over the direction of the state.
What was the primary reason for David Cameron's decision to hold a referendum on Britain's membership in the European Union, as described in the text?
The text states that the decision aimed to address internal divisions within Cameron's Conservative Party, where approximately half of the MPs were in favor of leaving the EU.
What does the term 'Brexit' refer to, according to the text?
The text states that 'Brexit' is a contraction of 'British Exit', referring to the process of Great Britain leaving the European Union.
How many member states did the European Union have before Britain's departure, according to the information provided?
The text mentions that the EU had 28 member states before Britain's departure in 2020.
What is one of the most important political goods or functions a modern state is expected to provide its citizens?
Predictable and recognizable methods of adjudicating disputes
What does the text suggest about citizens' expectations of their government?
Citizens expect their government to provide a wide range of public services and support.
What does the text suggest about the relationship between a state's powers and its citizens' expectations?
As a state's powers have increased, so too have people's expectations of what it can do.
What does the text suggest about the role of human security as a political good or function expected of a modern state?
Human security is one of the most important political goods or functions expected of a modern state.
What does the text suggest about the role of freedom to participate in politics and compete for office as a political good or function expected of a modern state?
Freedom to participate in politics and compete for office is one of the most important political goods or functions expected of a modern state.
What does the text suggest about the relationship between a state's legitimacy and the use of coercion to maintain control over its population?
A state's lack of legitimacy can undermine its stability and require coercion to maintain control over its population.
What is one of the key characteristics of the modern state's increased powers?
The modern state has become more intrusive in the lives of its citizens.
What is the principle that assigns a special significance to constitutions and the rule of law in national life?
Constitutionalism
What is the principle that different territorial units within a state have the authority to make decisions over certain policy areas without interference from the center?
Federalism
Which of the following is a form of legal theory according to which law is simply what the state says it is?
Legal positivism
What is the principle that everyone in a state, including the executive, is subject to the same impersonal laws?
Rule of law
What is the principle that religion does not enjoy a privileged position in the state?
Secularism
Which of the following is a set of principles formulated by international financial institutions to make the government of developing states fair, effective, and free from corruption?
Good governance
What is the view that there are no fundamental divisions in phenomena?
Monism
What is the fairness of the process by which an outcome is reached, regardless of what the outcome is?
Procedural justice
Yugoslavia was dismembered under Allied control in 1941.
False
The six federal republics in Yugoslavia each had different levels of representation in the federal government.
False
Yugoslavia's constitutional court was established before 1963.
False
Tito's leadership contributed to the preservation of national unity until 1990.
False
After Tito's death, Yugoslavia faced diminishing challenges.
False
Tito deliberately chose a successor before his death.
False
Yugoslavia was known for being a unitary state during its existence.
False
The formation of Yugoslavia occurred after World War II.
False
Yugoslavia's federal system granted more power to Croatia than to other republics.
False
Explain the relationship between increased autonomy and demands for independence in different regional contexts, as discussed in the text.
The text suggests that the relationship between increased autonomy and demands for independence remains complex and depends on the specific regional context. It provides the example of Pakistan, where greater self-rule is granted to the northwest frontier region and the federally administered tribal areas compared to Punjab or Sindh. This indicates that other states dealing with ethnic or religious divisions can draw on a wider range of precedents to demonstrate flexibility in their approach to autonomy and independence.
Summarize the four key points emphasized in the chapter's conclusion, as described in the text.
The four key points emphasized in the chapter's conclusion are: 1) The significance of constitutions as fundamental institutions shaping political systems, guiding and restraining political behavior while enhancing transparency. 2) The need for a developed legal system to give life to constitutional provisions, as without the rule of law, constitutions may be flouted or undermined. 3) The variation in legal system approaches to achieving justice, with interpretations of universal human rights differing across countries. 4) How federalism helps prevent excessive concentration of power in a nation's capital.
What does the text suggest about the relationship between a state's legitimacy and its use of coercion to maintain control over its population?
The text does not directly address the relationship between a state's legitimacy and its use of coercion. The passage focuses on other topics, such as the significance of constitutions, the role of legal systems, and the benefits of federalism. It does not provide information about how a state's use of coercion might impact its legitimacy in the eyes of the population.
Describe the key characteristics of 'whole-process democracy' introduced by Xi Jinping, as mentioned in the text.
The text does not mention the concept of 'whole-process democracy' introduced by Xi Jinping. The passage is focused on other topics related to constitutions, legal systems, and federalism, and does not discuss this specific political concept.
Explain how the 2014 treaty settlement in Aotearoa, New Zealand reflects the growing influence of Indigenous thought in mainstream discourse, as discussed in the text.
The text does not mention the 2014 treaty settlement in Aotearoa, New Zealand or discuss the influence of Indigenous thought in mainstream discourse. The passage is focused on topics related to constitutions, legal systems, and federalism, and does not provide any information about the situation in New Zealand or the role of Indigenous perspectives.
What event marked the end of the Thirty Years’ War?
The Peace of Westphalia
What concept is central to the idea of sovereignty as discussed in the text?
Territorial integrity
In international affairs, what is the responsibility that sovereign states are expected to uphold?
Jus cogens
What does the text suggest about the relationship between state sovereignty and external interference?
Sovereignty creates boundaries limiting external interference
The Peace of Westphalia identified the basic elements for state sovereignty.
True
All states are equally powerful in the real world of international affairs.
False
Boundaries define the territorial extent of a state's jurisdiction and are legitimized by law or informal conventions.
True
Ecologism is a distinct ideology that is separate from traditional political ideologies.
True
What are the basic elements of sovereignty identified by the Peace of Westphalia?
The basic elements of sovereignty identified by the Peace of Westphalia include the right to use force (jus ad bellum) and the responsibility to comply with certain rules of the system (jus cogens).
How does sovereignty impact the equality of states in theory?
In theory, sovereignty suggests that all states are equal, although in reality some states are more powerful than others.
What are the responsibilities that sovereign states are expected to uphold in international affairs?
Sovereign states are expected to act according to certain norms of behavior and create boundaries to prevent external interference.
How do boundaries define the territorial extent of the jurisdiction of sovereign states?
Boundaries create a legal framework that prevents external interference and reinforces internal solidarity within sovereign states.
What is the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in shaping the power dynamics of states in international affairs?
The Peace of Westphalia established the foundation for state sovereignty and the balance of power among states in international relations.
What is the first major challenge that social institutions must address, according to the text?
Mastery of nature and adaptation to environmental conditions
What is the purpose of social institutions in motivating people to continue existing as a group, according to the text?
To provide a sense of identity about who you are as a group
What does the text suggest about the role of shelter in meeting human needs through social institutions?
Shelter requirements vary greatly depending on the local climate and environment
What is the primary purpose of the video mentioned in the text?
To introduce the concept of social institutions more generally
What is the main purpose of social institutions?
To address the major challenges of collective living
What is the primary purpose of social institutions according to the text?
To transmit culture and regulate society
Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the major social institutions discussed in the text?
Transportation
Which characteristic do social institutions share?
They have a history that predates and postdates individuals
What does the text suggest about the relationship between social institutions and individuals?
Individuals are nested within and shaped by social institutions
Which of the following is an example of cultural production according to the text?
Science and technology
What does the text suggest about the role of family in social institutions?
Family and religion are intertwined in some cultures
What aspect of social institutions is unique and complex?
Their set of statuses and roles
Which of the following statements about social institutions is NOT supported by the text?
They are static and unchanging over time
What does the text suggest about the relationship between community and culture?
Community is nested within and shaped by culture
Which of the following factors can influence an individual's experience of community?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT considered a major social institution?
Transportation
Which of the following is identified in the text as a key challenge that social institutions must address?
Mastery of nature
Which of the following is an example of 'cultural production' by social institutions?
Creating human-made objects and ideas, including religion, art, and science
Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as a characteristic of social institutions?
They are static and unchanging over time
Which of the following is a recently emerged social institution that sociology tends to study?
Military
The text describes social institutions as 'pieces of an overall puzzle that form a society.' What does this suggest about the relationship between different social institutions?
They are interconnected and interdependent components of a larger social system
What is the central idea conveyed about social institutions in the text?
Social institutions are independent of individuals and have enduring influence over our lives.
How are different levels of social institutions described?
They exist in a nested hierarchy, with the individual at the center, extending outward to the family, community, and society.
What is the primary function of social institutions described in the text?
To control and enable individuals in various aspects of their lives.
How does the text characterize the relationship between social institutions and individual agency?
Social institutions shape and influence individual agency, but do not completely determine it.
In what way do social institutions contribute to maintaining order in society?
By preserving and enforcing rules and regulations
What is the significance of identity within the context of social institutions?
Identity helps motivate people to continue existing as a group
How does the text describe the relationship between social institutions and human needs?
Social institutions exist to meet human needs
What is one of the major challenges that social institutions address?
Mastery of nature and adapting to different environments
How do social institutions contribute to shaping the behavior of individuals within society?
By enforcing rules and norms through socialization
What is the primary function of clothing according to the text?
To adhere to cultural modesty norms
Which social institution focuses on the expression of human spirit through human-made objects and ideas?
Cultural production
What is the main purpose of socialization as mentioned in the text?
To transmit culture and ways of doing things
How are social institutions described in terms of history in relation to individuals?
They predate and post date individual history
Which layer of the nested ecosystem concept involves considerations of rural or urban living and cultural diversity?
Community and culture
What is the significance of the 'polity' social institution in the text?
Governing state affairs
In what way do social institutions influence individuals, as per the text?
By providing standardized ways of doing things
Which term best describes the transmission of culture and ways of doing things through family and education?
'Socialization'
What is the primary focus of 'Cultural production' as presented in the text?
Expressing human creativity through art and technology
How do social institutions shape individuals' lives according to the text?
By providing standardized ways of doing things
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