Environmental Standards Module 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which greenhouse gas contributes approximately 10-25% to global warming?

  • Water vapor
  • Fluorinated gases
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Methane (correct)

    • How long does nitrous oxide take to break down in the atmosphere?

  • 300 years
  • 100 years
  • 10 years
  • 114 years (correct)

    • Which gas is considered the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere?

  • Nitrous oxide
  • Water vapor (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Methane

    • Which greenhouse gas is known to be 23,000 times stronger than CO2?

    <p>Fluorinated gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water vapor have in the context of climate change?

    <p>It is a feedback mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of gases are referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases?

    <p>Hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major source of nitrous oxide overproduction?

    <p>Fertilizer use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of greenhouse gases on heat retention in the atmosphere?

    <p>Stronger gases trap more heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>To trap heat and radiate it back to the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following greenhouse gases is the most abundant in terms of its effect on climate?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about methane is true?

    <p>It is 30 times more effective than carbon dioxide at absorbing heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are nitrogen and oxygen less effective as greenhouse gases?

    <p>They are composed of fewer atoms and cannot absorb heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere compare now to the mid-19th Century?

    <p>It has increased to approximately 400 parts per million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>Burning fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is considered the simplest hydrocarbon?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of methane as a greenhouse gas relative to carbon dioxide?

    <p>It is more powerful but less abundant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'weather' refer to?

    <p>Local changes in climate over short timescales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is climate typically understood?

    <p>As the average weather conditions over a long period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of greenhouse gases?

    <p>To stabilize the Earth's atmosphere and increase temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the effect on Earth's temperature without carbon dioxide?

    <p>Temperatures would drop by about 33 °C (59 °F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to solar energy absorbed at Earth's surface?

    <p>It is radiated back as heat and absorbed by greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?

    <p>It traps heat close to the surface, supporting life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>It contributes to an increase in global temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of global warming on agriculture and ecosystems?

    <p>Lengthening of the frost-free season</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is primarily responsible for the majority of warming?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is projected to happen to the intensity of hurricanes as the climate warms?

    <p>Hurricanes will become stronger and more intense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much is sea level expected to rise by 2100?

    <p>1-8 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen to the Arctic Ocean by mid-century?

    <p>It is expected to become ice-free in summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contributor to the rising sea levels?

    <p>Melting of land ice and warming seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much ice has Greenland lost on average per year between 1993 and 2019?

    <p>279 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is described as being much stronger than carbon dioxide regarding its warming potential?

    <p>Nitrous oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Global Warming Potential (GWP) measure?

    <p>The heat absorbed by greenhouse gases compared to carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas has the highest Global Warming Potential (GWP) according to the given estimates?

    <p>Hydrofluorocarbons (CHF3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Paris Agreement?

    <p>To limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How frequently do countries review their climate action commitments under the Paris Agreement?

    <p>Every 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher GWP indicate about a greenhouse gas?

    <p>It warms the Earth more compared to CO2 over a specified time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Paris Agreement enter into force?

    <p>4 November 2016</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the GWP of Methane (CH4) as mentioned in the GHG estimates?

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the GWP of Nitrogen Oxides (NO2)?

    <p>296</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nationally determined contributions (NDCs) primarily focused on?

    <p>Actions to reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant report assessed the current state of the climate and highlighted human influence on warming?

    <p>Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key functions of the enhanced transparency framework (ETF) established by the Paris Agreement?

    <p>To ensure transparent reporting of climate action progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Paris Agreement's submission of long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) differ from NDCs?

    <p>LT-LEDS submissions are voluntary and not legally binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the conclusion that human-induced climate change is affecting weather extremes?

    <p>Observational data showing changes in weather extremes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity, as suggested by the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report?

    <p>3°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major climate change impacts have been attributed to human influence according to the IPCC?

    <p>Changes in weather-related extremes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NDCs play in the context of climate action under the Paris Agreement?

    <p>They specify the actions each country commits to for reducing emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does weather typically refer to?

    <p>Local changes occurring over short timescales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is climate defined?

    <p>As the average weather over several decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do greenhouse gases play in Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>To trap heat and maintain Earth's temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse effect?

    <p>It helps stabilize Earth's atmosphere against cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to Earth's temperature without the greenhouse effect?

    <p>It would be below freezing on average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does solar energy interact with the atmosphere once absorbed by Earth's surface?

    <p>It is radiated back as heat that some gases absorb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are greenhouse gases considered necessary for Earth?

    <p>They regulate the temperature making it livable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>An enhancement of the greenhouse effect leading to warmer temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Nigeria's target year for its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)?

    <p>2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total greenhouse gas emission per capita in Nigeria as of 2015?

    <p>1.67 T/capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of global CO2 emissions was attributed to Nigeria in 2019?

    <p>0.26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key measure aims for a 30% improvement by the year 2030 in Nigeria's climate strategy?

    <p>Energy efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditional mitigation objective stated in Nigeria's INDC?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does climate change encompass beyond global warming?

    <p>Changes in weather patterns and rising sea levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activities are primarily responsible for increased greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Industrialization, deforestation, and intensive agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between climate change and global warming?

    <p>Global warming refers to only the temperature rise, while climate change includes more phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Paris Agreement primarily aim to address?

    <p>Limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of global warming?

    <p>Increased frequency of extreme weather events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Global Warming Potential (GWP)?

    <p>A metric used to compare the warming effects of different greenhouse gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which indicator suggests a significant rise in sea levels?

    <p>The shrinking of mountain glaciers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC play in climate science?

    <p>It provided an in-depth assessment of the state of climate change and human impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had the highest greenhouse gas emissions in 2019?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected impact of global warming on extreme weather events?

    <p>Increased frequency of hot extremes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information, what is the emission per capita for the USA in 2019?

    <p>15.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major expected change in the climate system due to increasing global temperatures?

    <p>Increased intensity of tropical cyclones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SSP represent in the context of emissions scenarios?

    <p>Socio Economic Pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between global temperatures and the water cycle projected to be?

    <p>It will intensify with increasing variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region had a greenhouse gas emission of 3,304 Mega Tons in 2019?

    <p>Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature increase is predicted to be exceeded during the 21st century without significant emission reductions?

    <p>1.5°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property allows greenhouse gas molecules to absorb heat?

    <p>Their structure is complex with three or more atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is carbon dioxide considered a significant greenhouse gas?

    <p>It constitutes a small fraction of the atmosphere but impacts climate significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of greenhouse gases does carbon dioxide account for?

    <p>82%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does methane compare to carbon dioxide in terms of heat absorption?

    <p>Methane is 30 times stronger than carbon dioxide in heat absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between greenhouse gases and the Earth's temperature?

    <p>They facilitate heat retention, keeping the Earth warmer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular composition of methane?

    <p>One carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to monitor carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?

    <p>It has a significant impact on climate change and is currently increasing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades?

    <p>The amount of heat-trapping gases emitted globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the atoms in greenhouse gas molecules allows them to vibrate when absorbing heat?

    <p>They are held together loosely enough to vibrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ocean surface waters contribute to sea level rise?

    <p>They expand as they warm and contribute to rising sea levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change in average surface temperature has occurred since the late 19th century?

    <p>An increase of about 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of heat from global warming has oceans absorbed?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following facts does NOT contribute to the warming of ocean surface waters?

    <p>Fresh water freezing at 0°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is primarily responsible for the non-uniform rise in global temperatures?

    <p>Human activities and emissions of heat-trapping gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of global warming on sea levels?

    <p>They are projected to rise due to thermal expansion and melting ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through what time frame can greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere?

    <p>Several years to several millennia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human activities have been identified as increasing greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Industrialization, deforestation, and intensive agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC highlight?

    <p>Human influence as a significant factor in climate warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term Global Warming Potential (GWP)?

    <p>The comparative measure of greenhouse gases' ability to trap heat in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the Paris Agreement is true?

    <p>Nations are required to submit long-term greenhouse gas strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does climate change analysis primarily focus on?

    <p>Human-induced long-term alterations and their global impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emission per capita for the USA according to the 2019 data?

    <p>15.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a projected outcome of increasing global temperatures?

    <p>Increased frequency of marine heatwaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is expected to contribute to rising sea levels by the end of the century?

    <p>Thermal expansion of oceans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is highlighted for requiring deep reductions to prevent exceeding 2°C of warming?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (CO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 2019?

    <p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend is projected for global surface temperature under all emissions scenarios through at least the mid-century?

    <p>Increase in temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact of climate change includes agricultural and ecological droughts in some regions?

    <p>Intensified global water cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Paris Agreement?

    <p>To limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicate about a greenhouse gas?

    <p>It warms the Earth more compared to CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do countries review their climate action commitments under the Paris Agreement?

    <p>Every five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas has the highest Global Warming Potential (GWP) according to the provided estimates?

    <p>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Global Warming Potential (GWP) provide for greenhouse gases?

    <p>A common unit of measure for emissions comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the goal of countries under the Paris Agreement?

    <p>To reach a climate-neutral world by mid-century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas contributes a GWP of 25 according to the given estimates?

    <p>Methane (CH4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action is emphasized in the Paris Agreement to combat climate change?

    <p>The peaking of global greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Nigeria's unconditional mitigation objective by 2030?

    <p>20% reduction in GHG emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target year for Nigeria's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution?

    <p>2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the per capita emission of CO2 for Nigeria in 2019?

    <p>0.5 T/capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key measure is Nigeria planning to achieve energy efficiency by 2030?

    <p>30% energy efficiency by 2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of Nigeria's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution?

    <p>Improving electricity access for all citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of nitrous oxide despite its lower concentration in the atmosphere?

    <p>It is stronger than carbon dioxide in terms of heat retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does methane typically remain in the atmosphere before breaking down?

    <p>10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is primarily responsible for feedback mechanisms in the climate system?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fluorinated gases from natural greenhouse gases?

    <p>They are human-made and potent greenhouse gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the ozone hole in relation to climate change?

    <p>It influences atmospheric circulation patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of greenhouse gases significantly affects their impact on climate change?

    <p>Concentration in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nitrogen and oxygen gases compare to greenhouse gases in terms of climate impact?

    <p>They are not effective at trapping heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic makes fluorinated gases particularly concerning for the atmosphere?

    <p>They are thousands of times stronger than CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is projected to happen to the effectiveness of land and ocean carbon sinks as CO2 emissions increase?

    <p>They will be less effective in slowing CO2 accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial requirement for limiting human-induced global warming to a specific level?

    <p>Limiting cumulative CO2 emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact would strong reductions in methane (CH4) emissions have aside from limiting warming effects?

    <p>It would improve air quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What warning did the IFCC report of 2018 provide regarding global warming?

    <p>Global warming should be limited to a maximum of 1.5°C within 12 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one strategy suggested to reduce carbon emissions effectively?

    <p>Introducing incentives for carbon pollution pricing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome from scenarios with low greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Discernible improvements in air quality relative to high emissions scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of climate change is considered irreversible for centuries to millennia?

    <p>Changes in ocean and ice sheets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is necessary for achieving net zero CO2 emissions?

    <p>Cumulative reductions along with reducing other greenhouse gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes global warming from climate change?

    <p>Climate change encompasses global warming but includes other changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following human activities contributes significantly to the increase in greenhouse gases?

    <p>Intensive agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon indicates the broader range of changes happening to Earth due to human activities?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major effect caused by global warming?

    <p>Shrinking mountain glaciers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Global Warming Potential' (GWP) signify?

    <p>The relative ability of a gas to trap heat in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Paris Agreement play in climate action?

    <p>It encourages nations to set their national contributions to reduce emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>Reduction in agricultural productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which report evaluated the influence of human activities on global warming?

    <p>Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between weather and climate?

    <p>Weather refers to short-term changes, while climate represents long-term averages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do greenhouse gases play in relation to Earth's temperature?

    <p>They trap heat, preventing it from escaping into the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Greenhouse gases absorb heat and re-radiate it back to the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to Earth's temperature without greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide?

    <p>It would drop by approximately 33 °C (59 °F).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are greenhouse gases primarily composed of?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do greenhouse gases affect heat radiated from Earth's surface?

    <p>They absorb much of the heat and hold it in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>It traps more heat, contributing to rising global temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of climate as opposed to weather?

    <p>Climate is understood as long-term trends measured over decades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas contributes to the greenhouse effect but does not significantly directly cause global warming?

    <p>Water Vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is known to strengthen the greenhouse effect by being 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide?

    <p>Nitrous Oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of fluorinated gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>They have a high global warming potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is a consequence of natural biological processes yet contributes to overproduction due to human activity?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does nitrous oxide remain in the atmosphere compared to methane?

    <p>It remains longer than methane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water vapor play in relation to climate change?

    <p>It serves mainly as a feedback mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge posed by fluorinated gases compared to natural greenhouse gases?

    <p>They are human-made and extremely potent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fluorinated gases from other greenhouse gases?

    <p>They are primarily used in refrigerants and aerosols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do countries outline in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs)?

    <p>Actions to build resilience against the impacts of climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS)?

    <p>NDCs are mandatory, while LT-LEDS are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Sixth Assessment Report, what aspect of climate change is highlighted as unprecedented?

    <p>The scale of recent changes across the climate system as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the enhanced transparency framework (ETF) established by the Paris Agreement require from countries starting in 2024?

    <p>Countries report transparently on actions taken and progress made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of human-induced climate change as noted in the IPCC's findings?

    <p>Changes in weather and climate extremes in every region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the best estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity reported by the IPCC?

    <p>It provides a measure of the expected climate response to increasing carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies serve under the Paris Agreement?

    <p>They guide countries in long-term climate resilience planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key finding regarding weather extremes as per the Sixth Assessment Report?

    <p>Attribution of weather extremes to human influence has strengthened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to limit human-induced global warming effectively?

    <p>Achieving net zero CO2 emissions along with reductions in other greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one projected consequence of rising CO2 emissions on carbon sinks?

    <p>Carbon sinks are projected to be less effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action could improve air quality while limiting global warming effects from aerosols?

    <p>Strong, rapid reductions in methane emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the IFCC report of 2018, what is the urgency concerning global warming?

    <p>We have only 12 years to keep warming to a maximum of 1.5°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key finding about the changes due to greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Many changes are irreversible for centuries to millennia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do low greenhouse gas emissions scenarios impact air quality?

    <p>They result in discernible effects on concentrations and air quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed method to incentivize reductions in carbon pollution?

    <p>Implementing a price on carbon pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to happen to the effectiveness of carbon sinks with increasing greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>They will be less effective in absorbing CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of emissions trading systems (ETS)?

    <p>Allowing industries with low emissions to sell their allowances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries implemented a successful carbon tax that was redistributed to citizens?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What investment amount did the IPCC indicate is necessary annually until 2050 to ensure a safe trajectory for the planet?

    <p>$1.6 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renewable energy technology attracted the most capacity investment in 2018?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are corporations increasingly committing to in response to climate change?

    <p>Carbon reduction and neutrality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did global investment in renewable energy in 2018 experience a 12% decline compared to 2017?

    <p>Policy changes affecting Chinese solar financing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action is Britain expected to take regarding vehicle manufacturing by 2030?

    <p>Manufacture exclusively electric vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What notable outcome was observed with the global investment figure for renewable energy in 2018?

    <p>It surpassed $250 billion for the fifth consecutive year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does climate change encompass?

    <p>The broader range of changes happening to the planet, including weather patterns and sea level rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity has notably increased greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Industrialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does global warming relate to climate change?

    <p>Global warming is a measure of climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect caused by global warming?

    <p>Accelerating ice melt in polar regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Paris Agreement play in addressing climate change?

    <p>Encouraging countries to propose their own climate action plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential policy solution for mitigating climate change?

    <p>Implementing carbon tax systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC significant?

    <p>It offers a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the climate and human influence on warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 14800?

    <p>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary long-term goal of the Paris Agreement?

    <p>To limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the implementation cycle of the Paris Agreement?

    <p>Countries have a 5-year cycle for increasing climate action commitments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the date when the Paris Agreement was adopted?

    <p>12 December 2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a GWP of 1 for Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?

    <p>CO2 serves as a baseline for comparing other gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of Global Warming Potentials (GWPs)?

    <p>To enable the comparison of emissions reduction opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total global GHG emissions in 2019 measured in Mega Tons?

    <p>38,016.47 MT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had the highest GHG emission per capita in 2019?

    <p>USA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the projected climate changes associated with an increase in global temperatures?

    <p>Increase in marine heatwaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major scenario used to derive greenhouse gas emissions trajectories?

    <p>Socio Economic Pathway (SSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did India's GHG emissions total in 2019?

    <p>2,597 Mega Tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect is projected to intensify alongside continued global warming?

    <p>Global water cycle variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increase in global temperature is anticipated to be exceeded during the 21st century if significant emissions reductions do not occur?

    <p>1.5°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region had GHG emissions of 3,304 Mega Tons in 2019?

    <p>Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the magnitude of climate change in the coming decades?

    <p>The amount of heat-trapping gases emitted globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the approximately 20-centimeter sea level rise in the past century is attributed to warming ocean surface waters?

    <p>One third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the planet's average surface temperature changed since the late 19th century?

    <p>It has risen by approximately 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water play in terms of heat absorption from the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>It buffers temperature changes due to high heat capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

    <p>The consequences of climate change will significantly increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to very cold and salty water in Earth's polar regions?

    <p>It sinks to become deep water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric concentrations?

    <p>Larger emissions lead to higher concentrations in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of water regarding temperature changes?

    <p>It has a high heat capacity, resisting temperature changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes a carbon tax from an emissions trading system?

    <p>A carbon tax charges industries based on their emissions or carbon content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to investment trends, what was the global investment in renewable energy capacity in 2018?

    <p>$272.9 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor affecting renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>Policy changes impacting Chinese solar financing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major commitment that prominent corporations are increasingly making regarding carbon emissions?

    <p>To achieve carbon neutrality by 2030-2050.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anticipated impact on automotive manufacturing in Britain after 2030?

    <p>Electric vehicles will be the sole vehicles manufactured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following figures represents the investment necessary for climate action as stated by the IPCC?

    <p>US$ 1.6 trillion a year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the carbon tax in different countries?

    <p>The carbon tax has been successful in both Canada and Britain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas has a breakdown time of approximately 114 years?

    <p>Nitrous oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary characteristic distinguishes fluorinated gases from naturally occurring greenhouse gases?

    <p>They are human-made and not natural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas contributes to warming but also acts as a feedback mechanism in the climate system?

    <p>Water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much stronger is nitrous oxide compared to carbon dioxide in terms of its greenhouse gas effect?

    <p>300 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the presence of fluorinated gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>They are extremely strong greenhouse gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of water vapor regarding its role in climate change?

    <p>It contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does methane typically remain in the atmosphere?

    <p>About 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of excessive nitrous oxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>Fertilizer and fuel combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experienced the highest percentage increase in renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>Middle East and Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had the highest renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the investment in renewable energy capacity in 2018 compare to the investment in coal and gas-fired generation capacity?

    <p>Three times higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries did NOT see a significant increase in renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>Brazil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend was observed regarding investment in China’s renewable energy sector in 2018?

    <p>Investment decreased by 38%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily defines the concept of climate?

    <p>Long-term averages of weather over several decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the greenhouse effect primarily responsible for?

    <p>Trapping heat close to Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is continuously rising and contributes to global warming?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to Earth's temperature in the absence of greenhouse gases?

    <p>It would drop by approximately 33 °C (59 °F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best summarizes the difference between weather and climate?

    <p>Weather refers to local changes in the atmosphere, while climate is the long-term average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does carbon dioxide play in stabilizing Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>It helps maintain warmer temperatures necessary for life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between global warming and climate change?

    <p>Global warming refers to the average global temperature rise, while climate change includes broader atmospheric changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly defines climate change?

    <p>A long-term warming trend in the Earth's atmosphere caused primarily by human activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant impact of global warming mentioned?

    <p>Accelerated melting of polar ice and glaciers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do human activities contribute to climate change?

    <p>By increasing the emissions of greenhouse gases through industrial and agricultural activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily assessed in the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC?

    <p>The state of climate change, including evidence of human influence on warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of greenhouse gases in relation to climate change?

    <p>They allow sunlight in but prevent heat from escaping the atmosphere, contributing to warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of Nigeria's unconditional mitigation objectives under its INDC?

    <p>Achieve a 20% reduction from Business as Usual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Nigeria's per capita CO2 emission in 2019?

    <p>0.5 T/capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Nigeria's contribution to total global CO2 emissions as of 2019?

    <p>0.26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures is included in Nigeria's INDC to improve energy efficiency?

    <p>Achieve 2% per year energy efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing greenhouse gas emissions have on atmospheric concentrations?

    <p>They lead to higher atmospheric concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the duration a greenhouse gas remains in the atmosphere?

    <p>Public awareness of climate issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the average surface temperature of the planet changed since the late 19th century?

    <p>It has increased by about 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of sea level rise observed in the past century?

    <p>Expansion of ocean surface waters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant consequence of ocean warming?

    <p>Expansion and rise in sea levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement best describes the temperature changes observed in the Earth's oceans?

    <p>Cold and salty water sinks in polar regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'heat capacity' refer to in the context of water and climate change?

    <p>The ability to absorb heat without changing temperature rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key action do countries communicate in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs)?

    <p>Actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS)?

    <p>To guide countries towards long-term emission goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When will countries start reporting their climate actions under the enhanced transparency framework (ETF)?

    <p>2024</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC state about recent changes in the climate system?

    <p>They are unprecedented over many centuries to thousands of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about human-induced climate change and its impact on weather extremes?

    <p>It is affecting weather and climate extremes across all regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity according to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report?

    <p>3°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has strengthened since the Fifth Assessment Report regarding human-induced climate change?

    <p>Evidence of observed changes in weather extremes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes nationally determined contributions (NDCs) from long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS)?

    <p>NDCs are mandatory, while LT-LEDS are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of greenhouse gases that differentiates them from common atmospheric gases?

    <p>They can absorb and radiate heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does carbon dioxide have a significant impact on climate despite being a small fraction of the atmosphere?

    <p>It absorbs heat effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows greenhouse gas molecules to contribute to the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Their loose atomic structure that enables vibration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the increase of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Burning of fossil fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much carbon dioxide was present in the atmosphere in the mid-19th Century?

    <p>270 ppmv</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas has the simplest molecular structure among the common greenhouse gases?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of greenhouse gases is accounted for by carbon dioxide?

    <p>82%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas has the highest Global Warming Potential (GWP) according to the estimates?

    <p>Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often do countries review their commitments under the Paris Agreement?

    <p>Every five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily determines the magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades?

    <p>The amount of heat-trapping gases emitted globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the GWP of Methane (CH4) over a 100-year period?

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ocean temperature and sea level rise is correct?

    <p>Warming ocean surface waters cause sea level to rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant impact of global warming has been noted by scientists?

    <p>The planet's average surface temperature has increased significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the Paris Agreement adopted?

    <p>2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ocean's heat capacity affect temperature changes?

    <p>The ocean resists changes in temperature due to its high heat capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the GWP value assigned to Nitrogen Oxides (NO2) in the provided estimates?

    <p>296</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, what is expected regarding the net damage costs of climate change?

    <p>They are likely to be significant and increase over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the ocean's absorption of heat from global warming?

    <p>It contributes to rising sea levels and altered marine ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical temperature range for ocean surface water?

    <p>-2°C to 35°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes most significantly to the approximately 20-centimeter sea level rise seen in the past century?

    <p>Thermal expansion of warming ocean waters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had the highest investment in renewable energy in 2018?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage increase in renewable energy investment for the Middle East and Africa in 2018?

    <p>61%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2018, how did the global investment in renewables capacity compare to that in coal and gas-fired generation?

    <p>Three times more in renewables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following showed a more than fivefold increase in renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>Vietnam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are countries required to submit by 2020 under the Paris Agreement?

    <p>Nationally determined contributions (NDCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the enhanced transparency framework (ETF) established by the Paris Agreement require starting in 2024?

    <p>Countries to report transparently on mitigation and adaptation efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS)?

    <p>LT-LEDS are not mandatory, unlike NDCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has the Sixth Assessment Report by the IPCC unequivocally demonstrated regarding human influence?

    <p>Human influence has unequivocally warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the IPCC, what is the best estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity?

    <p>3°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How have recent climate changes been characterized in the Sixth Assessment Report?

    <p>They are unprecedented over many centuries to thousands of years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which climate extremes have been increasingly attributed to human-induced climate change?

    <p>Weather events such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of an emissions trading system (ETS)?

    <p>It allows industries with low emissions to sell their allowances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the carbon tax been perceived in France?

    <p>It has triggered popular protests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What investment amount did the IPCC recommend annually until 2050 to ensure a safe trajectory for the planet?

    <p>$1.6 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2018, which renewable energy technology attracted the most investment?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects the trend in global investment in renewable energy capacity in 2018?

    <p>It was more than $250 billion for the fifth consecutive year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major outcome of corporations' commitment to carbon reduction?

    <p>Greater reliance on renewable energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major factor contributing to the decrease in renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>Policy changes affecting solar financing in China.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has committed to only allowing electric vehicles to be manufactured after 2030?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes climate change from global warming?

    <p>Climate change refers to broader environmental shifts caused by human activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human activities have contributed to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Industrialization and deforestation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'Global Warming Potential' (GWP)?

    <p>A metric that compares the ability of different greenhouse gases to trap heat in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do greenhouse gases play in climate change?

    <p>They trap heat and contribute to warming the Earth's atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Paris Agreement is accurate?

    <p>It aims to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant climate-related outcomes are driven by global warming?

    <p>Rising sea levels and accelerated ice melt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one expected outcome of climate change as noted in environmental assessments?

    <p>Increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had the highest investment in renewable energy capacity in 2018?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the significance of the Sixth Assessment Report by the IPCC?

    <p>It assessed human influence on climate and provided projections for future scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage increase in investment in renewable energy capacity for the Middle East and Africa in 2018?

    <p>61%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries did NOT see an increase in renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did investment in renewables capacity in 2018 compare to global investment in coal and gas-fired generation combined?

    <p>About three times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country's renewable energy investment in 2018 reached the highest record of $1.4 billion?

    <p>Kenya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LT-LEDS)?

    <p>They are not mandatory unlike NDCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report, what has been observed about recent changes in the climate system?

    <p>They show widespread and rapid changes due to human influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the enhanced transparency framework (ETF) require from countries starting in 2024?

    <p>Countries will transparently report on their climate actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the understanding of the equilibrium climate sensitivity changed compared to previous assessments?

    <p>It indicates a best estimate of 3°C with a narrower range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of extreme weather events have been affected by human-induced climate change according to the IPCC?

    <p>Various extremes including heatwaves, droughts, and heavy precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of climate change does the Paris Agreement primarily seek to address through NDCs?

    <p>Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance resilience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the actions reported under the enhanced transparency framework (ETF) from previous reports?

    <p>They will involve international review procedures for validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily determines the significant climate change projected for this century?

    <p>The amount of heat-trapping gases emitted globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to about a third of the approximately 20-centimeter rise in sea level over the past century?

    <p>Warming ocean surface waters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about global temperatures since the late 19th century is accurate?

    <p>They have increased by approximately 2.12 degrees Fahrenheit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of water's high heat capacity on temperature changes in the ocean?

    <p>It allows oceans to absorb and retain heat from the atmosphere without significant temperature changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary factor that describes how long greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere?

    <p>Duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of climate change is likely to increase over time according to the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change?

    <p>The net damage costs associated with climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country contributed the highest amount of greenhouse gas emissions in 2019?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature range does ocean surface water typically exist in?

    <p>-2°C to 35°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the GHG emission per capita for the USA as recorded in 2019?

    <p>15.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the melting of land-based ice sheets contribute to sea level rise?

    <p>It contributes to about two-thirds of sea level rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is projected to happen to global surface temperature under all emissions scenarios until at least mid-century?

    <p>It will continue to increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT expected to intensify as global temperatures rise?

    <p>Agricultural yields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these changes is associated with increased global warming?

    <p>Reduction in Arctic sea ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total world GHG emissions in Mega Tons as of 2019?

    <p>38,016.47</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios describes SSP (Socio Economic Pathway)?

    <p>It projects socioeconomic global changes until 2100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is primarily responsible for the majority of warming according to current scientific understanding?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a projected effect of global warming on the frost-free and growing seasons?

    <p>They will lengthen, affecting ecosystems and agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to happen to hurricane intensity as climate change progresses?

    <p>Hurricanes will become stronger and more intense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much is sea level expected to rise by the year 2100?

    <p>1-8 feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is projected to happen in the Arctic Ocean by mid-century?

    <p>It will become ice-free during summer months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to be affected by changes in precipitation patterns due to global warming?

    <p>They are likely to increase in severity, especially in certain areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does CO2 have compared to nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases?

    <p>CO2 is weaker and has less impact on global warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily contributes to rising sea levels?

    <p>Expansion of seawater as it warms and melting land ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of more frequent droughts and heat waves projected by global warming?

    <p>Decreased agricultural yield due to reduced soil moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase did investment in renewables see in the Middle East and Africa in 2018?

    <p>61%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries had one of the most significant increases in renewable energy investment, reportedly jumping more than fivefold in 2018?

    <p>Vietnam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the investment in renewable capacity in 2018 compare to global investment in coal and gas-fired generation capacity combined?

    <p>About three times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total investment amount for Spain, Vietnam, Ukraine, and South Africa when they exceeded the $1 billion barrier in renewable energy investments in 2018?

    <p>$6 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total GHG emissions per capita for Nigeria in 2015?

    <p>1.67 T/capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditional mitigation objective set by Nigeria for its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what year does Nigeria aim to work towards ending gas flaring according to its INDC?

    <p>2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Nigeria's target for energy efficiency improvement from 2015 to 2030?

    <p>2% per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's total CO2 emissions did Nigeria contribute in 2019?

    <p>0.26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate global greenhouse gas emissions figure for 2019?

    <p>38,016 Mega Tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to projections, how much increase in global surface temperature is expected to continue until at least mid-century?

    <p>It will continue to increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these regions had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 2019?

    <p>India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence if deep reductions in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases do not occur in the coming decades?

    <p>Global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C will be exceeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as a major change in the climate system due to global warming?

    <p>Enhanced agricultural productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following greenhouse gases has the largest impact on climate warming?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Socio Economic Pathway (SSP) is true?

    <p>SSP scenarios are used to derive greenhouse gas emissions scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one anticipated effect of continued global warming on the global water cycle?

    <p>Intensification of global monsoon precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure characteristic of greenhouse gas molecules?

    <p>They are complex with three or more atoms that can absorb heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much stronger is methane compared to carbon dioxide in terms of its warming potential?

    <p>30 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does carbon dioxide have on the atmosphere despite its relatively low concentration?

    <p>It significantly contributes to the greenhouse effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases accounts for the majority of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of most greenhouse gas molecules?

    <p>They are made of three or more atoms that vibrate to absorb heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere since the mid-19th century?

    <p>Burning fossil fuels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about water vapor in the context of greenhouse gases?

    <p>It can absorb heat but contributes less than carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of emissions trading systems (ETS)?

    <p>Establishing a cap on total GHG emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is mentioned as having had a successful implementation of a carbon tax?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What investment is highlighted as necessary annually until 2050 to ensure planetary safety?

    <p>$1.6 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action has Britain committed to regarding electric vehicles by 2030?

    <p>Only produce electric vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total global investment in renewable energy capacity in 2018?

    <p>$272.9 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did solar energy investment decrease in 2018 compared to 2017?

    <p>22</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason fluorinated gases are concerning for the atmosphere?

    <p>They are much stronger than CO2 and human-made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company's commitment includes achieving carbon neutrality by 2050?

    <p>Amazon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of water vapor in relation to climate change?

    <p>Its concentration increases as the Earth's atmosphere warms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the decline in global investment in renewable energy in 2018?

    <p>Policy changes affecting Chinese solar financing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the strength of nitrous oxide compare to CO2 despite its lower concentration?

    <p>It is 300 times stronger than CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does methane play in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide?

    <p>Its transformation eventually leads to more CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of High Global Warming Potential (GWP) gases?

    <p>They pose a major threat to atmospheric health despite being emitted in smaller quantities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas has the shortest atmospheric lifespan?

    <p>Methane, lasting about 10 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nitrous oxide overproduction?

    <p>Fuel combustion and fertilizer usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does nitrous oxide contribute to the nitrogen cycle?

    <p>It helps plants grow, being a naturally occurring gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between climate change and global warming?

    <p>Climate change includes global warming and broader changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does human activity play in climate change?

    <p>Human activities are a primary cause of climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes greenhouse gases?

    <p>They contribute to the warming of the planet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is a potential policy solution to climate change?

    <p>Enhancing renewable energy usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event highlighted the human impact on climate change according to the IPCC?

    <p>The Sixth Assessment Report released in 2021.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes climate from weather?

    <p>Climate is the average weather over several decades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the greenhouse effect have on Earth's temperature?

    <p>It keeps Earth's temperature stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is primarily responsible for maintaining Earth's temperature through the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is primarily caused by the rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of a decrease in carbon dioxide levels on Earth?

    <p>Significantly cooler surface temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes solar energy absorption by the Earth?

    <p>It is re-radiated back as heat and affected by greenhouse gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gases are considered greenhouse gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the greenhouse effect function in relation to heat absorption by the Earth?

    <p>It traps heat close to the Earth's surface, warming the planet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of greenhouse gas molecules allows them to absorb heat?

    <p>They have a complex structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas accounts for the largest percentage of greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is methane considered a more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide?

    <p>It absorbs heat more efficiently and is much stronger than CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>400 parts per million volume (ppmv)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to heat after it is absorbed by greenhouse gas molecules?

    <p>It is radiated back to Earth's surface or absorbed by other gas molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gas primarily makes up the majority of the atmosphere but does not contribute to the greenhouse effect?

    <p>Nitrogen and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere during the mid-19th Century?

    <p>270 parts per million volume (ppmv)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecular structure do the major greenhouse gases possess?

    <p>They are made of three or more loosely bonded atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of increasing droughts and heat waves due to global warming?

    <p>Reduction of soil moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected rise in global sea levels by the year 2100?

    <p>1-8 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fluorinated gases differ from CO2 in terms of their impact on global warming?

    <p>They are significantly stronger than CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is projected to occur with hurricane intensity as the climate continues to warm?

    <p>Hurricane intensity and rainfall rates will increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one expected effect of global warming on the Arctic region?

    <p>Arctic Ocean expected to become ice-free in summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be a consequence of the combination of storm surges, high tides, and sea-level rise?

    <p>Increased flooding in many regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor contributes to the increase in average temperatures during summer, as discussed in the effects of global warming?

    <p>Rising levels of greenhouse gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a projected effect of global warming?

    <p>Arctic ice will increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one expected consequence of increasing CO2 emissions on the ocean and land carbon sinks?

    <p>They will be less effective at slowing CO2 accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change is expected to be irreversible for centuries to millennia due to greenhouse gas emissions?

    <p>Changes in ice sheets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is emphasized for effectively limiting human-induced global warming?

    <p>Achieving net zero CO2 emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the magnitude of climate change over the next few decades?

    <p>The amount of heat-trapping gases emitted globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the IFCC report of 2018 indicate regarding global warming?

    <p>We have 12 years to limit warming to a maximum of 1.5°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the temperature changes observed since the late 19th century?

    <p>The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.18 degrees Celsius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scenarios with low greenhouse gas emissions influence air quality compared to high emissions scenarios?

    <p>They result in immediate improvements in air quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the impact of ocean warming on sea levels?

    <p>It accounts for about one-third of the observed sea level rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of putting a price on carbon pollution?

    <p>It incentivizes polluters to reduce or offset emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water play in the context of climate change and temperature regulation?

    <p>It resists temperature changes due to its high heat capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is likely from strong, rapid, and sustained reductions in methane emissions?

    <p>A reduction in the impact of declining aerosols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of the majority of sea level rise observed in the past century?

    <p>Melting land-based ice sheets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cumulative CO2 emissions is correct?

    <p>Cumulative emissions must be limited to control global warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects the results of assessments made by the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC)?

    <p>Climate change is expected to cause significant damage costs that will increase over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'global warming potential' (GWP) primarily measure?

    <p>The heat absorption capacity of a gas compared to CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do very cold and very salty waters sink in the polar regions?

    <p>Increased density causes them to sink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries saw its renewable energy capacity investment jump by more than fivefold in 2018?

    <p>Vietnam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the global investment in renewables capacity in 2018 compare to coal and gas-fired generation capacity combined?

    <p>Three times as much</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region experienced an overall investment of $16.1 billion in renewable energy in 2018?

    <p>Middle East and Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Nigeria's target year for its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution?

    <p>2030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditional mitigation objective percentage set by Nigeria?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much does Nigeria aim to improve energy efficiency per year until 2030?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of global CO2 emissions did Nigeria contribute in 2019?

    <p>0.26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the per capita emission of CO2 for Nigeria as reported in 2019?

    <p>0.5 T/capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor distinguishes weather from climate?

    <p>Climate describes long-term averages while weather refers to short-term changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

    <p>To absorb and re-radiate heat towards the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much cooler would Earth's surface be without carbon dioxide?

    <p>33 °C (59 °F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is accurate?

    <p>Greenhouse gases create a 'blanket' effect that traps heat near the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

    <p>Enhanced greenhouse effect leading to rising temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the relationship between solar energy and greenhouse gases?

    <p>Solar energy is radiated back as heat, which greenhouse gases absorb.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains how climate is typically perceived over time?

    <p>Climate is regarded as average weather conditions over decades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gases are examples of greenhouse gases mentioned?

    <p>Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of an Emissions Trading System (ETS)?

    <p>It allows low-emission industries to sell their emission allowances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the carbon tax have in France?

    <p>It triggered popular protests and unrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What amount of investment is estimated to be required annually till 2050 to set the planet on a safe trajectory according to the IPCC?

    <p>$1.6 trillion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the global investment in renewable energy capacity in 2018?

    <p>$272.9 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following companies has pledged to go carbon neutral by between 2030 and 2050?

    <p>Delta Airlines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the investment in renewable energy in 2018 compare to 2017?

    <p>It decreased by 12%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence related to the financing of solar projects in China in 2018?

    <p>A policy change that negatively impacted financing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way greenhouse gases contribute to climate change?

    <p>They absorb heat and trap it near the Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which greenhouse gas is noted for absorbing more heat than carbon dioxide?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as noted in recent measurements?

    <p>400 parts per million volume (ppmv)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of greenhouse gas molecules allows them to absorb and emit radiation effectively?

    <p>The atoms are loosely held and can vibrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of greenhouse gases differ from most of the atmosphere, which is predominantly nitrogen and oxygen?

    <p>Greenhouse gases have a more complex atomic structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does methane play as a greenhouse gas compared to carbon dioxide?

    <p>It is 30 times more effective than carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major source contributing to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

    <p>Deforestation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is true?

    <p>It has increased significantly since the mid-19th Century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one likely effect of global warming on agricultural practices?

    <p>Extended frost-free seasons affecting crop diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes the expected changes in precipitation patterns due to global warming?

    <p>Certain areas may experience drier conditions despite national averages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a severe consequence if levels of nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases continue to rise?

    <p>Their warming potential could significantly exceed that of CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range of sea level rise is projected by 2100 as a consequence of global warming?

    <p>1-8 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the intensity of hurricanes expected to change as global temperatures rise?

    <p>They will become stronger and more intense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change is expected to occur in the Arctic by mid-century?

    <p>The Arctic Ocean is likely to become ice-free in summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding droughts due to global warming?

    <p>More severe heat waves are likely to reduce soil moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential impact of sea level rise on coastal populations?

    <p>Increased flooding risk in susceptible regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had the highest recorded investment in renewable energy in 2018?

    <p>China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total renewable energy investment across all countries in comparison to coal and gas-fired generation in 2018?

    <p>Three times the amount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries did NOT see a significant increase in renewable energy investment by fivefold or more in 2018?

    <p>Morocco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2018, which country recorded the highest investment specifically in renewable energy, reaching $1.4 billion?

    <p>Kenya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unconditional mitigation objective for Nigeria's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution by 2030?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what percentage does Nigeria aim to increase energy efficiency per year to achieve a total of 30% by 2030?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Nigeria's total greenhouse gas emissions per capita in 2015?

    <p>1.67 T/capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Nigeria's contribution to global CO2 emissions as of 2019?

    <p>0.26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key measure Nigeria aims to implement to improve energy efficiency by 2030?

    <p>Improve electricity grid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the carbon tax strategy?

    <p>It is designed to discourage high emissions through a set tax rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the global investment figure in renewable energy capacity in 2018?

    <p>$272.9 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country had a successful implementation of a carbon tax?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major action is Britain expected to take regarding vehicle manufacturing after 2030?

    <p>Manufacture only electric vehicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor for the decrease in renewable energy investment in 2018?

    <p>Policy change affecting Chinese solar financing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which corporation declared its commitment to becoming carbon neutral by 2030-2050?

    <p>Amazon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the general trend of capital costs for solar and wind projects through 2018?

    <p>They have generally fallen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of human activities on climate change?

    <p>Human activities result in increased greenhouse gas emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Paris Agreement?

    <p>It provides a framework for global climate action and commitment reviews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of the current warming trend as indicated in climate studies?

    <p>Human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Global Warming Potential' (GWP) refer to?

    <p>The comparative impact of different greenhouse gases on global warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is associated with global warming?

    <p>Rise in global average temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the future magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades?

    <p>The global emissions of heat-trapping gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which report assesses the current state of climate change and human influence?

    <p>The Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly contributes to sea level rise as a result of global warming?

    <p>Expansion of ocean waters due to warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) play in climate action?

    <p>They represent voluntary climate action by individual countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the projected effects on the growing season due to global warming?

    <p>The growing season will lengthen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected impact on hurricanes as a result of climate change?

    <p>Hurricane-associated storm intensity and rainfall rates will increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ocean play in relation to global warming?

    <p>It absorbs and holds a majority of the heat from the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the statement regarding the net damage costs of climate change?

    <p>They are likely to be significant and increase over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how much is global sea level expected to rise by the year 2100?

    <p>1-8 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature range is typical for ocean surface waters?

    <p>-2C to 35C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect will climate change have on the Arctic by mid-century?

    <p>The Arctic Ocean is expected to become ice-free in summer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contributor to the rise in sea levels?

    <p>Melting land ice and seawater expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about the relationship between nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide in terms of their effects on global warming?

    <p>Nitrous oxide has a stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that seawater freezes at colder temperatures than freshwater?

    <p>Because it contains salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of increased drought conditions and heat waves due to global warming?

    <p>Reduction of soil moisture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant physical change is expected due to global warming by 2100?

    <p>Sea levels will rise due to melting ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Executive Short-Term Courses in Environmental Standards

    • Track B: Proficiency Certificate in Environmental Standards
    • Module 2
    • Day 9, Session 2

    Global Environmental Change

    • Presenter: Dr. Maged Hamed, Ph.D., P.E.
    • Regional Safeguard Coordinator & Co-TTL of SPESSE
    • The Environment Global Practice of the West and Central Africa - SAWE4
    • Date: March 2022

    Course Content

    • Definition of global warming, climate change, weather
    • Greenhouse Gas (GHG) effect and how they work
    • Common Greenhouse Gases
    • Contribution of GHGs to climate change
    • Effects Caused by Global Warming
    • Global Warming Potential (GWP)
    • The Paris Agreement
    • The Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC in 2021
    • Potential Policy Solutions
    • Nigeria's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)

    What is the Difference between Climate Change and Global Warming

    • Global warming: Long-term warming of the planet, a measure of climate change, reflecting a rise in the average global temperature.
    • Climate change: Encompasses global warming. Refers to the broader range of changes affecting the planet, including rising sea levels, shrinking glaciers, accelerating ice melt, etc.
    • Human Activities are responsible for the warming trend in recent decades.
    • The Sun can influence Earth's climate, but not the warming trend observed recently.

    What is the Difference between Weather and Climate

    • Weather: Local changes in climate (minutes to weeks). Examples include rain, snow, clouds, wind, etc.
    • Climate: Longer-term averages (regional or global, averaging over decades). Climate represents expected weather patterns, while weather is the actual condition at a specific time.

    Greenhouse Gases

    • Greenhouse effect: Heat trapped close to Earth's surface by greenhouse gases.
    • These gases act like a blanket, making the planet warmer than without them.
    • Include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
    • Scientists have determined that carbon dioxide's warming effect helps stabilize Earth's atmosphere..
    • Without carbon dioxide, Earth's surface would be about 33°C (59°F) cooler.
    • Without the greenhouse effect, Earth's temperature would be below freezing.
    • Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere consistently rise for decades, trapping extra heat near the surface and causing warming.

    Common Greenhouse Gases (detailed)

    • Carbon dioxide (CO₂): Made of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
    • A small fraction of the atmosphere but has a significant impact on climate.
    • In the mid-19th century, atmospheric CO₂ levels were approximately 270 parts per million by volume.
    • About 400 parts per million by volume currently.
    • Represents a vast 82% of greenhouse gases.
    • Methane (CH₄): Very powerful greenhouse gas, absorbing considerably more heat than carbon dioxide.
    • Made of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms, flammable, and used as a fuel.
    • Methane is significantly more potent (30 times stronger than CO₂) but remains in the atmosphere for a shorter time (about 10 years).
    • Nitrous Oxide (N₂O). Part of the nitrogen cycle, helps with plant growth.
    • Strong greenhouse gas (300 times stronger than CO₂).
    • Takes around 114 years to break down.
    • Fluorinated Gases: Human-made and potent greenhouse gases.
    • Many industrial processes emit them.
    • Account for only 3% of greenhouse gas emissions.
    • But 23,000 times stronger than CO₂.
    • Not a naturally occurring component of the atmosphere.

    Contribution of Greenhouse Gases to Climate Change

    • Concentration: Amount of GHG in the air.
    • Duration: How long the gas stays in the atmosphere, ranging from several years to millennia.
    • Potency: How much a gas heats the Earth, measured in relation to carbon dioxide's impact.

    Effects Caused by Global Warming

    • Climate change is primarily driven by the magnitude of heat-trapping gases released globally.
    • Temperatures are projected to rise.
    • Sea levels are rising, and ice sheets and glaciers are melting at increasing rates.
    • Heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and intense tropical cyclones are becoming more frequent and severe.
    • Global warming influences the water cycle and makes it more extreme and variable.

    The Paris Agreement

    • A legally binding international treaty to address climate change.
    • Adopted in Paris in December 2015.
    • Aims to limit global warming well below 2°C (preferably 1.5°C) above pre-industrial levels.
    • Countries are expected to peak and achieve a climate-neutral world by mid-century.

    The Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC in 2021

    • A comprehensive report examining the current state of climate change globally.
    • Human actions unequivocally are warming the atmosphere, land, and oceans.
    • Observed climate changes are largely unprecedented over centuries to millennia.
    • Human-induced climate change has affected various weather and climate-related extremes worldwide.
    • Improved understanding of climate processes and paleoclimate evidence has reinforced the best estimate of equilibrium climate sensitivity to be around 3°C.

    World GHG emissions (2019)

    • Data on global and national GHG emissions by 2019.
    • Statistics on emission levels and per capita emissions of various countries.

    How greenhouse gases warm our planet

    • Greenhouse gases absorb outgoing infrared radiation, keeping it closer to Earth's surface and making the planet warmer.

    Global Warming Potential (GWP)

    • Global warming potential is the amount of heat a greenhouse gas absorbs in comparison to an equal mass of carbon dioxide over a set period, typically 100 years.

    Nigeria's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)

    • Nigeria's plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Includes aspects such as economic and social development, energy efficiency, and emissions reductions, expressed as percentages of global totals.

    Potential Policy Solutions

    • Pricing carbon pollution: incentivizes reducing or paying for polluting activities. - Emissions trading schemes: limit total GHG emissions and allow industries with lower emissions to sell their allowances to others. - Carbon taxes: tax on GHG emissions or carbon content of fossil fuels. Some collected taxes are redistributed as rebates.
    • Shift to electric energy usage, Commitment by Corporations to Carbon Reduction,

    Investment Required and Renewable Energy in 2018

    • Global investment in renewable energy capacity in 2018 was 272.9billion(thefifthconsecutiveyeartoexceed272.9 billion (the fifth consecutive year to exceed 272.9billion(thefifthconsecutiveyeartoexceed250 billion).
    • China was the leading investor, at $88.5 billion.
    • Renewables capacity investment was spread across more countries in 2018 than in prior years.

    Nigeria's Contribution to GHG per capita

    • Data on Nigeria's total GHG emissions, per capita emissions of CH₄ and NOx, and contribution to global CO₂ emissions in 2019.

    Key Mitigating Measures

    • Specific measures and their estimated impact on reducing GHG emissions.

    Source of 2030 Emission Reduction by Sector

    • Breakdown of sectors contributing to reduction of 2030 emissions.

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    Global Environmental Change PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on environmental standards and global change in this quiz based on Module 2 of the Proficiency Certificate course. Explore key concepts such as greenhouse gases, the Paris Agreement, and the impact of global warming. Perfect for those involved in environmental practices and policies.

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