Questions and Answers
To be effective, risk recognition should be implemented along with the other key elements of ______ and health management
safety
For example in Flood Defense Project, a hazard might be: How likely is it that the scheme will be over-topped with ______ water?
flood
In Exposure Assessment, we examine the potential consequences associated with exposure to a ______ event.
hazardous
Exposure Assessment involves determining how much of a ______ do people inhale/ ingest?
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Determining the 1st factor is a relatively straightforward process, but to determine the other 3 is ______ and complex.
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Risk can be determined by combining the result of ______ and consequences analysis.
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Very High Risk: Ecosystem Irreversibly ______, no recovery, over 100Km2 affected.
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Grade 1 is classified as ______ risk.
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The simplest form of Risk Estimation is a ______ matrix.
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Risk characterization is the process of estimating the ______ of a health effect.
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Quantitative risk characterization involves the calculation of a simple ______ ratio.
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Qualitative risk characterization is used when it is not possible to undertake a ______ characterization of risk.
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Low risk is defined as ______ less than 0.1% of the time/cases.
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Medium to high risk is defined as occurring ______ between 1% and 10% of the time/cases.
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Risk estimation results are used to identify potential options that are then evaluated in terms of expected public ______, economic, social, and political consequences.
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High risk is defined as occurring ______ more frequently than 10% of the time/cases.
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Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) is a process of predicting whether there may be a risk of adverse effects on the ______ caused by a chemical substance, action or project.
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The ______ probability of occurring any adverse effect is a component of Environmental Risk Assessment.
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The process of determining whether exposure to an agent can increase the incidence of a health condition is called ______ identification.
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The process of characterizing the relation between the dose of an agent administered or received and the incidence of an adverse health effect is called ______-response assessment.
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The process of measuring or estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposures to an existing agent is called ______ assessment.
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The process of estimating the incidence of a health effect under the various conditions of human exposure is called ______ characterization.
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For a hazard to result in harm, there must be a way in which it can affect a ______.
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The term ______–pathway–receptor is used to describe the relationship between a hazard and a receptor.
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Study Notes
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
- A process that predicts the risk of adverse environmental effects caused by a chemical substance, action, or project.
- A generic term for a series of tools and techniques that gather information about environmental risks and form judgments about them.
- Risk refers to the probability of an adverse effect occurring.
Risk Assessment Steps
Risk/Hazard Identification
- The process of determining whether exposure to an agent can increase the incidence of a health condition.
- Identifies potential risks that could prevent a program, enterprise, or investment from achieving its objectives.
- Involves documenting and communicating concerns.
- Requires a "source (hazard)–pathway–receptor" for harm to occur.
Dose-Response Assessment
- Characterizes the relation between the dose of an agent and the incidence of an adverse health effect in exposed populations.
Exposure Assessment
- Measures or estimates the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposures to an existing or new agent.
- Examines potential consequences associated with exposure to a hazardous event.
- Considers factors such as:
- Hazard definition
- Local environment characteristics
- Hazard behavior
- Dose-response relationships
Risk Characterization
- Estimates the incidence of a health effect under various exposure conditions.
- Results are used to identify potential options for public health, economic, social, and political consequences.
Risk Estimation
- Combines hazard and consequence analysis results.
- Can use matrix approaches with qualitative, quantitative, or combined methods.
- May involve Multi-Criteria Analysis for complex or controversial issues.
Grading of Risk
- Very High Risk: Ecosystem irreversibly altered, no recovery, over 100Km2 affected.
- High Risk: Ecosystem altered, but not irreversibly, recovery may take long as 50 years, 50-100 Km2 affected.
- Moderate Risk: Only one component of the ecosystem affected, 10 years of recovery period.
- Low Risk: Temporary alteration, less than 0.5Km2, less than 5 years of recovery period.
- Very Low Risk: Temporary alteration, very localized, and minor consequences.
Risk Characterization Approaches
Quantitative Risk Characterization
- Calculates a simple risk ratio (PEC/PNEC) comparing predicted environmental concentration to predicted no-effect concentration.
Qualitative Risk Characterization
- Used when quantitative characterization is not possible.
- Categorizes risks as:
- Low risk: Rare, occurs less than 0.1% of the time/cases
- Low to medium: May happen, occurs between 0.1% and 1% of the time/cases
- Medium to high: Quite often, occurs between 1% and 10% of the time/cases
- High risk: Very often, occurs more frequently than 10% of the time/cases
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