Environmental Pollution: Earth's Spheres
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Environmental Pollution: Earth's Spheres

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Questions and Answers

What is the gaseous envelope surrounding the earth composed of?

  • H2O (correct)
  • N2 (correct)
  • O2 (correct)
  • CO2 (correct)
  • Climate change is largely a result of combustion of fossil fuels.

    True

    What is the main role of the ozone layer?

  • Protect against hurricanes
  • Conserve water sources
  • Absorb dangerous ultraviolet rays from the sun (correct)
  • Regulate global warming
  • Acid rain is formed when oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur are dissolved in ____ water.

    <p>rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of soil pollution from agriculture?

    <p>Pesticides and fertilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Global warming can have a negative impact on biodiversity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are CFCS mainly used for?

    <p>Refrigerant gases in air conditioners and refrigerators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main threat to biodiversity due to loss of natural communities is caused by ______________.

    <p>habitat conversion and sprawl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Environmental Pollution

    • The lithosphere includes the soil, which covers the rock crust.
    • The hydrosphere includes all surface and groundwater resources, making up 80% of the Earth's surface.
    • The atmosphere is composed of an entire mass of air containing N2, O2, H2O, CO2, and other gases.
    • Measures to control pollution:
      • Raise chimneys to disperse smoke and particulate matter.
      • Recycle and reuse harmful chemicals.
      • Control fuel use and exhaust emissions.
      • Locate industries away from residential areas.
      • Use non-combustive sources of energy (e.g., solar, tidal, wind power).
      • Promote afforestation and use of plants that reduce pollutants.

    Water Pollution

    • Sources:
      • Sewage (organic and inorganic waste).
      • Agricultural pollution (inorganic fertilizers, pesticides).
      • Industrial pollution (effluents).
      • Oil pollution (oil leaks).
      • Thermal pollution (hot effluents, heated water).
      • Marine pollution (industrial waste, sewage, fertilizers).
    • Effects:
      • Underground water pollution.
      • Damage to machines and aquatic life.
      • Health problems (e.g., headaches, fevers, kidney issues).
    • Control measures:
      • Prohibit untreated effluent discharge.
      • Remove solid waste before releasing water.
      • Purify water through biological treatment and disinfection.
      • Recycle sewage for bio-gas and organic fertilizer.
      • Monitor water quality and promote afforestation.

    Noise Pollution

    • Causes:
      • Natural sounds (thunder, rain, wind).
      • Man-made sounds (factories, urban areas, public places).
      • Automobiles and aircraft.
      • Loud speakers and communication devices.
      • Unnecessary horn blowing.
      • Socio-religious ceremonies.
    • Effects:
      • Health problems (nerves, digestion, sleep disorders).
      • Deafness.
      • Barrier to communication.
    • Control measures:
      • Use silencers and lubricators.
      • Discourage unnecessary horn blowing.
      • Locate industries away from populated areas.
      • Protect ears from damage.
      • Establish sound-proof cabins.
      • Educate citizens about noise pollution.

    Soil Pollution

    • Sources:
      • Pesticides and fertilizers.
      • Chemicals (industrial waste, acid rain).
      • Dead bodies and solid waste.
      • Radioactive elements.
      • Air and water pollutants.
    • Effects:
      • Soil quality degradation.
      • Decreased productivity.
      • Harm to living organisms.
      • Increased salinity.
    • Control measures:
      • Use manure and bio-fertilizers.
      • Implement proper irrigation facilities.
      • Use natural pesticides.
      • Improve mining techniques.
      • Properly dispose of industrial waste.
      • Plant soil-binding grasses and afforest.
      • Control overgrazing.
      • Educate people.

    Global Environmental Challenges

    • Climate change:
      • Causes: greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel combustion, agriculture, and land-use changes.
      • Effects: temperature increase, sea-level rise, ocean circulation changes, and ecosystem disruption.
      • Control measures:
        • Reduce carbon dioxide production.
        • Reduce vehicular traffic.
        • Educate people.
    • Deforestation:
      • Causes: industrialization, fossil fuel use, and lack of awareness.
      • Effects: fertile area shifts, temperature increase, and ocean flooding.
      • Control measures:
        • Reduce fossil fuel use.
        • Reduce vehicular traffic.
        • Educate people.

    Acid Rain

    • Sources:
      • Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus oxides.
      • Burning of coal and phosphates.
    • Effects:
      • Damage to iron and cement structures.
      • Harm to plants and animals.
    • Control measures:
      • Desulfurize coal.
      • Use alkali pots.
      • Whitewash buildings with lime.

    Ozone Layer Depletion

    • Cause:
      • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons.
    • Effects:
      • Ozone layer destruction.
      • Harm to life on Earth.
    • Control measures:
      • Reduce chlorine use.
      • Research alternative compounds.
      • Spray alkanes to neutralize CFCs.

    Biodiversity Threats

    • Major threats:
      • Population growth and resource consumption.
      • Global warming.
      • Habitat conversion and sprawl.
      • Exotic and invasive species.
      • Over-hunting/commercial exploitation.
      • Environmental degradation.
    • Effects:
      • Loss of natural habitats.
      • Deprivation of species.
      • Loss of biodiversity.
    • Control measures:
      • Conserve resources.
      • Reduce population growth.
      • Preserve natural habitats.
      • Promote sustainable development.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of environmental pollution, focusing on the four spheres of the Earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.

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