Questions and Answers
Which movement was led by Amrita Devi in the 18th century?
What event in 1984 had a major impact on environmental awareness in India?
What significant act was established in India in 1972 to protect wildlife?
Which protocol aimed at reducing ozone-depleting substances was established in 1987?
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What was the main focus of the Appiko Movement in the 1980s?
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The Tehri Dam Movement was primarily opposed to the construction of a dam on which river?
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Which significant environmental act was enacted in India in 1986?
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What was the outcome of the Tbilisi Declaration accepted in October 1977?
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Which movement marked the beginning of modern environmental movements in India during the 1970s?
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What important convention was established during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992?
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Study Notes
Historical Environmental Milestones
- 1485: Formation of Bishnoi Sect by Guru Jambeshwar Ji Maharaj, focused on conservation and ecological ethics.
- 18th Century: Amrita Devi leads the Bishnoi Movement, advocating for environmental protection.
Major Environmental Incidents
- 1950s - 1960s: Minamata Disaster in Japan highlights severe mercury poisoning and its effects on health and environment.
Key Legislation and Movements
- 1972: The Wildlife Protection Act is enacted to conserve India's wildlife.
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1973:
- Chipko Movement begins in Uttarakhand, led by Sundarlal Bahuguna and Gaura Devi, emphasizing tree hugging to prevent deforestation.
- Silent Valley Movement emerges in Kerala, opposing deforestation in the Silent Valley area.
Legislative Developments
- 1974: Water Prevention & Control of Pollution Act is established to manage water quality.
- October 1977: Tbilisi Declaration is accepted, promoting environmental education globally.
- 1980: Forest Conservation Act is issued to safeguard forest land.
Movements Against Environmental Degradation
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1980s:
- Tehri Dam Movement protests against the construction of the dam on the Bhagirathi River, promoting local environmental rights.
- Appiko Movement in Karnataka focuses on preventing deforestation linked to hydropower projects.
Air and Pollution Legislation
- 1981: Air Prevention & Control of Pollution Act is introduced to manage air quality.
- 1983: The Ministry of Environment & Forest is established to address environmental issues.
Major Environmental Disasters
- December 3, 1984: Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurs, becoming one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
Environmental Recognitions and Protocols
- 1985: Silent Valley is declared a National Park to protect its unique ecosystem.
- 1985: Narmada Bachao Andolan, led by Medha Patkar, protests against the Sardar Sarovar Dam to protect the Narmada River.
- 1986: Environmental Protection Act is enacted to provide a framework for environmental governance.
International Agreements and Frameworks
- 1987: Montreal Protocol on substances depleting the ozone layer is established, aiming to protect the ozone layer.
- 1989: Montreal Protocol is enforced, leading to a decrease in ozone-depleting substances.
Biodiversity Initiatives
- 1992: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) established during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro to promote sustainable development.
- 1997: Kyoto Protocol is established, committing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
National Developments in Biodiversity
- 2002: Biodiversity Act is passed to promote conservation and use of biological resources.
- 2003: National Biodiversity Authority is established to ensure the implementation of the Biodiversity Act.
- 2005: Kyoto Protocol enacted, reaffirming international climate commitments.
- 2005: National Curriculum Framework (NCF) integrates environmental education into school curriculums.
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Description
Test your knowledge on historical environmental milestones, major incidents, and key legislation that have shaped ecological conservation. Explore significant movements like the Bishnoi Movement and Chipko Movement, along with pivotal acts in environmental protection. This quiz covers various events from the 15th century to the 20th century.
