Environmental Justice and Policy
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Questions and Answers

What does environmental justice primarily aim to ensure?

  • Equal access to environmental decision-making processes (correct)
  • Restriction of environmental laws to specific groups
  • Mandatory relocation of affected communities
  • Uniform environmental hazards across communities

How does environmental injustice manifest in society?

  • Certain groups experience greater environmental risks (correct)
  • All groups receive equal environmental protection
  • Environmental resources are evenly distributed
  • Only affluent communities face environmental challenges

What misconception is often associated with environmental justice?

  • Environmental issues are solely economic concerns
  • Experiences of marginalized groups are prioritized
  • Equity and equality are interchangeable concepts (correct)
  • Environmental justice affects only low-income communities

What event highlights the struggle for environmental justice in the U.S.?

<p>The Memphis sanitation strike (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of environmental injustice?

<p>Disproportionate risks for certain communities due to exploitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct consequence of the shooting incident mentioned?

<p>Coretta Scott King led a silent march. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What toxic substance was improperly disposed of by Robert Burns' trucking company?

<p>PCB-laden transformer fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What act was violated by the improper disposal of the transformer fluid?

<p>Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary issue of Environmental Racism highlighted in the content?

<p>Disproportionate targeting of minority communities for toxic burdens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the dumped contaminated soil in Warren County?

<p>It was planned to be dumped in a minority community landfill. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which federal action was signed in 1994 to address environmental justice?

<p>Federal Actions to Address EJ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was created to empower communities in the southwest?

<p>Southwest Organizing Project (SWOP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of waste was associated with the environmental implications discussed?

<p>Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term effect of exposure to ultraviolet light?

<p>Retinal damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which occupation is most likely to experience high exposure to radiation?

<p>Nuclear power plant workers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of nuclear energy?

<p>Less air pollution compared to fossil fuels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For how long can nuclear waste remain radioactive?

<p>Thousands of years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a dry cask in the management of nuclear waste?

<p>To store the waste safely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a disadvantage of solar energy?

<p>Reduces land for wildlife (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle does geothermal energy rely on?

<p>Thermal energy from beneath Earth's surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main disadvantages of wind power?

<p>Intermittent resource (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology do photovoltaic cells utilize to generate electricity?

<p>Solar radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) aim to ensure?

<p>Safe use of radioactive materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which energy source is associated with the emission of greenhouse gases?

<p>Fossil fuels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does exposure to radon have on workers?

<p>Lung cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is utilized in concentrated solar power (CSP) systems?

<p>Reflective mirrors to focus sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coal primarily used for today?

<p>Generating electricity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mining method involves blasting away entire mountaintops?

<p>Mountaintop removal mining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the negative environmental effects of subsurface mining?

<p>Acid mine drainage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a human-made source of ionizing radiation?

<p>Nuclear power generation facilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydraulic fracturing primarily used for?

<p>Extracting oil and natural gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health effect is specifically associated with exposure to coal dust?

<p>Pneumoconiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation can knock electrons out of atoms?

<p>X-rays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Sieverts (Sv) measure?

<p>Health risk of ionizing radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does fly ash, produced from burning coal, have on the environment?

<p>Contains heavy metals like mercury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the natural breakdown of uranium that produces radon gas?

<p>Radioactive decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable occupational health risk for workers at coal power plants?

<p>COPD and asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation has enough energy to damage tissue and DNA?

<p>Ultraviolet radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common environmental impact of fracking?

<p>Air pollution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons commonly found in?

<p>Bottom ash from coal combustion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

<p>To protect human health and the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central theme does the EPA emphasize in its mission?

<p>Environmental justice and civil rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act requires federal agencies to consider the environment before major actions?

<p>National Environmental Policy Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Clean Air Act primarily regulate?

<p>Air emissions from mobile and stationary sources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is established by the Safe Drinking Water Act?

<p>Maximum contaminant levels in tap water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) provide funds for?

<p>Cleanup of contaminated waste sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) control?

<p>Hazardous waste management and disposal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act is specifically aimed at conserving endangered species and their habitats?

<p>Endangered Species Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Maryland Senate Bill aims to phase out what type of ammunition for hunting?

<p>Lead-based ammunition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health effects are associated with lead toxicity?

<p>Lower IQ and hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of methylmercury exposure for humans?

<p>Diet, primarily through fish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pollutants does the Clean Water Act focus on regulating?

<p>Pollutants discharged into water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are potential exposure routes for toxic metals?

<p>Inhalation, dermal, and ingestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)?

<p>Requires testing and restrictions on chemicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)?

<p>To regulate the management of solid and hazardous waste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the waste management hierarchy?

<p>Source reduction, recycling/composting, energy recovery, treatment and disposal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a leachate sump in a sanitary landfill?

<p>To collect and treat leachate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of occupational health?

<p>Promoting overall well-being of workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage of sewage treatment?

<p>Composting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event led to the creation of CERCLA and the Superfund program?

<p>The Love Canal incident (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the father of occupational medicine?

<p>Bernardino Ramazzini (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'polluter pays principle' entail?

<p>Polluters are held financially responsible for cleanup costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common occupational disease caused by exposure to loud noise?

<p>Hearing loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended exposure limit (REL) defined by NIOSH?

<p>A non-legally binding recommendation for exposure limits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major health effect is associated with long-term pesticide exposure for agricultural workers?

<p>Reproductive and developmental issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the highest level of control in the hierarchy of controls?

<p>Elimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of waste does the Superfund program primarily address?

<p>Hazardous waste sites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who co-founded the United Farm Workers association?

<p>Cesar Chavez (A), Dolores Huerta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Environmental Justice

Fair treatment for everyone regarding environmental laws and policies, ensuring equal protection and access to decision-making about their environment.

Environmental Injustice

Environmental concerns are disproportionately affecting certain groups or societies, experiencing greater risks and harms.

Equity vs. Equality in Environmental Justice

Misunderstanding the difference between equity and equality can devalue the experiences of people facing environmental injustice.

Memphis Sanitation Strike

The Memphis Sanitation Strike in the 1960s, where black sanitation workers protested for fair treatment and safer working conditions, drawing national attention to environmental injustice.

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NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Role in Environmental Justice

This organization played a vital role in supporting the Memphis Sanitation Strike, showcasing its commitment to social and environmental justice.

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Environmental Racism

The unfair and unequal exposure of minority communities to environmental hazards like landfills and toxic waste sites.

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Warren County, NC - PCB Landfill

The case where Robert Burns' trucking company illegally dumped PCB-laden transformer fluid in Warren County, North Carolina, leading to soil contamination. This incident highlighted the issue of environmental racism.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

A federal law that regulates the disposal of hazardous waste, including PCB-laden transformer fluid. It emphasizes the need for specialized facilities for such disposal.

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Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA)

A law that aims to regulate the production, distribution, and disposal of certain toxic chemicals, including PCBs. It was used to penalize the company involved in the Warren County incident.

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Southwest Organizing Project (SWOP)

A nationwide movement that focuses on achieving economic justice and racial equality, particularly within Southwestern communities.

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Indigenous Environmental Network

An organization dedicated to protecting the sacred sites and resources of Indigenous communities, especially against environmental threats.

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Radium Girls

The case where women working in factories painting watch dials with radium paint were exposed to harmful radiation, leading to health complications and death. This event brought attention to workplace safety hazards.

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1994 - Federal Actions for Environmental Justice

The year when President Clinton signed federal actions to address environmental justice for minority and low-income populations. This recognized the disproportionate burden placed on these communities.

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Iodine-131

Radiation that can cause cancer, collects in the thyroid gland.

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Non-ionizing radiation

Radiation that doesn't cause ionization but can still result in health issues like burns and melanoma.

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Nuclear fuel cycle

The process of generating electricity from nuclear power.

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Nuclear power

A type of energy created by splitting uranium atoms, used to generate electricity.

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Nuclear energy benefits

Advantages of nuclear energy over fossil fuels.

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Nuclear energy risks

The potential health risks associated with nuclear energy.

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Nuclear waste management

The method used to store nuclear waste for an extended period.

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Photovoltaic (PV) cells

A renewable energy source that converts sunlight directly into electricity.

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Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

A renewable energy source that uses mirrors to concentrate sunlight and generate heat.

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Solar energy advantages

Benefits of using solar energy.

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Solar energy disadvantages

Challenges faced by solar energy.

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Wind turbines

Machines that convert wind energy into usable electricity.

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Wind power advantages

Advantages of using wind energy.

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Wind power disadvantages

Difficulties with relying on wind energy.

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Geothermal energy

Heat energy derived from Earth's interior used to generate electricity.

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What is petroleum?

A collective term for oil and natural gas.

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What is hydraulic fracturing?

A process that pumps high-pressure, chemically treated water into cracks in rock to extract oil and natural gas.

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What is mountaintop removal mining?

A type of mining that removes entire mountaintops to access coal seams.

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What is subsurface mining?

A type of mining that digs deep underground to access coal seams.

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What is strip mining?

A type of mining that extracts coal near the surface using heavy machinery.

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What is the primary environmental impact of strip and mountaintop mining?

The process of removing landscape and disrupting ecosystems in strip and mountaintop mining.

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What is acid mine drainage?

A type of environmental impact caused by subsurface mining, arising from the reaction of Pyrite in coal with air and water to produce acidic water with high metal concentrations.

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What is silicosis?

A form of lung disease associated with exposure to silica dust, common in subsurface mining.

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What is black lung?

A form of lung disease associated with exposure to coal dust, common in subsurface mining.

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What is radiation?

Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particulate matter traveling through space.

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What is radioactivity?

The process of emitting radiation spontaneously.

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What is ionizing radiation?

Radiation with enough energy to knock electrons out of atoms.

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What is non-ionizing radiation?

Radiation that has enough energy to make electrons vibrate but not remove them.

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What is the health effect of ionizing radiation on living things?

Radiation that can damage tissue and DNA.

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What is the health effect of non-ionizing radiation on living things?

Radiation that can cause pain, swelling, and eye injury.

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What is recycling?

The process of collecting and reprocessing a resource so it can be used again.

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What is composting?

The aerobic biological decomposition of organic materials to produce humus-like product.

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What is incineration?

A controlled process in which garbage is burned at very high temperatures; the remaining ash is deposited in landfills. This method doesn't involve separating and recycling.

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What is leachate?

Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes and may result in hazardous substances entering surface water, groundwater, or soil.

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What is the purpose of the bottom layer of a landfill?

A dense layer of clay and thick plastic sheeting used to contain leaks of hazardous materials.

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What does a landfill liner do?

A flexible membrane liner that holds in toxic chemicals that might contaminate groundwater.

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What is the role of a leachate sump in a landfill?

A sump collects leachates, which are then subjected to further treatment.

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How does garbage get processed in a landfill?

Garbage is piled up in rows and compacted with bulldozers and rollers. After the garbage is covered with soil, anaerobic bacteria decompose organic materials and produce methane gas.

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What are some major dangers associated with landfills?

Air pollution and groundwater contamination.

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What is the relationship between landfills and climate change?

Methane from landfills is a greenhouse gas.

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What is hazardous waste?

Substances that are toxic, flammable, corrosive, reactive, or infectious.

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What is the Superfund intended for?

The Superfund helps clean up sites that are contaminated by hazardous waste.

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What is Love Canal?

The former site of disposal of toxic waste.

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What is CERCLA?

A law passed to address hazardous waste sites in the nation, prioritizing those that pose the greatest risk to human health or the environment.

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What is sewage?

Waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial sources and discharged into sewers.

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What is the EPA and what does it do?

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a federal agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment. It sets standards for air and water quality, regulates chemicals and waste, and cleans up hazardous sites. The EPA is committed to environmental justice, ensuring that all communities have the same level of protection.

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What is NEPA and why is it important?

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ensures that federal agencies thoroughly consider the environmental impacts of major projects before making decisions. It requires transparency, public input, and accountability, making sure the environmental impacts are carefully considered.

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What does the Clean Air Act regulate?

The Clean Air Act regulates air pollution from industrial sources, cars, and other sources. It sets national air quality standards and works to reduce harmful pollutants like smog and particulate matter, improving overall air quality and public health.

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What is the purpose of the Clean Water Act?

The Clean Water Act sets standards for the discharge of pollutants into waterways and works to protect rivers, lakes, and oceans. It aims to prevent the pollution of water bodies, ensuring clean and healthy water for ecosystems and human use.

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What does the Safe Drinking Water Act do?

The Safe Drinking Water Act ensures that the water we drink is safe and free from harmful contaminants. It sets maximum contaminant levels for various substances, including lead and bacteria, to protect public health.

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What does the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regulate?

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) gives the EPA broad authority to regulate chemicals, from new substances to existing ones. It can require testing, restrict the use of harmful chemicals, and take action to protect against chemicals that pose risks to human health or the environment.

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What is CERCLA (Superfund) and what does it do?

CERCLA, also known as Superfund, provides funds for cleaning up hazardous waste sites and spills. The EPA can sue responsible parties to pay for the cleanup, ensuring that contaminated areas are addressed and made safe.

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What does RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) regulate?

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) sets regulations for managing hazardous waste from the time it's generated to its disposal. It aims to ensure that hazardous waste is handled responsibly and safely, protecting human health and the environment.

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What is the purpose of the Endangered Species Act?

The Endangered Species Act protects species that are threatened or endangered, including their habitats. It aims to prevent extinctions by providing recovery plans and protections for those species and their ecosystems.

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What are toxic metals and why are they on the CERCLA list?

Toxic metals, including heavy metals, are on the CERCLA National Priority List of Hazardous Substances. This list identifies substances that pose the greatest risk to human health based on factors like toxicity, exposure, and frequency of occurrence.

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How are humans exposed to toxic metals?

Humans can be exposed to toxic metals through various pathways, including inhalation of dust, air pollution, or fumes, dermal contact with contaminated materials, and ingestion of contaminated food or water.

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Why is lead a health concern?

Lead, once commonly used in paint and gasoline, is a toxic metal linked to lower IQ, hypertension, and miscarriages. Especially harmful to children, it can cross the blood-brain barrier, impacting brain development.

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What makes methylmercury a health concern?

Methylmercury is a particularly harmful form of mercury that accumulates in fish and shellfish. Consumption of contaminated seafood can expose humans to levels that affect brain and nervous system function.

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What are the dangers of elemental mercury?

Elemental mercury, found in vapors, can cause tremors, mood swings, and headaches. Exposure to it can have significant effects on the nervous system.

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Why is inorganic mercury a health risk?

Inorganic mercury, found in creams, can damage the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys if ingested. Exposure to this form can cause serious health issues.

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What is the Minamata Bay disaster and why is it important?

The Minamata Bay disaster in Japan demonstrated the devastating consequences of mercury pollution. A chemical company dumped mercury into the bay, contaminating the fish. People who consumed these fish suffered from serious health problems, highlighting the dangers of mercury pollution.

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Study Notes

Environmental Justice

  • Environmental justice is fair treatment for everyone regarding environmental laws and policies, ensuring equal protection and access to decision-making processes.
  • Differences in equity and equality are misunderstood, devaluing the experiences of those facing environmental justice concerns.
  • Environmental injustice happens when certain groups experience disproportionately high risks and harms, often because another group seeks benefits by taking advantage of them.
  • Examples include hazardous waste facilities sited in low-income communities and historical events like the Memphis sanitation strike.
  • Environmental racism involves disproportionate targeting of minority communities for toxic burdens like landfills and hazardous waste sites (e.g., Warren County, NC PCB landfill).

Environmental Law and Policy

  • Environmental policy provides a framework for deliberate actions to prevent, reduce, or alleviate environmental harm. Environmental laws are court decisions concerning environmental protection.
  • Decision-making frameworks are designed to achieve outcomes in society. Standard principles and procedures must be followed.
  • Formal systems are governed by rules and guidelines, while informal frameworks are statements or documents explaining the desired effects.

Environmental Policy Process

  • Environmental policy processes are typically reactive instead of proactive. The process involves discussion and debate, political action, legislative proposals, law and regulations, and compliance.
  • The U.S. Constitution establishes the framework for power distribution among branches of government, including executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
  • Precedent-setting court rulings shape common law within specific environmental situations.
  • Statutory laws are formally enacted by legislative branches.
  • Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are involved in responding to environmental health issues. They provide global and national guidance, respectively.

Environmental Laws in the U.S.

  • Important U.S. environmental laws include the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Clean Water and Air Acts, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund). These regulate pollutants emitted into air and water systems; hazardous waste; and the remediation of contaminated sites, respectively.

Toxic Metals

  • Toxic metals, including heavy metals and other metallic compounds, are hazardous substances.
  • The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priority List of Hazardous Substances features a list of the substances known to pose the highest significant potential threat to human health.

Energy and Waste Management

  • Energy sources, like fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and alternative energy (nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal) have various benefits and drawbacks—some renewable, some nonrenewable.
  • Waste, both hazardous and general waste, poses environmental and human health concerns
  • Waste disposal and management, including landfills, recycling, composting, and incineration, are crucial to mitigating risks.
  • Various laws and regulations govern handling, storage, and disposal processes to protect human health and the environment.

Radiation

  • Radiation is energy that travels through space,
  • Radioactive materials include natural isotopes, man-made isotopes (nuclear testing, etc.) and those generated from industrial processes.
  • Ionizing radiation is high in energy, impacting atoms, potentially damaging the tissues and genetic material.
  • Non-ionizing radiation is low-energy and does not generally cause immediate visible damage. However, both categories have potential detrimental effects on public health in the long-term.

Water Quality

  • Water quality is a crucial aspect of public health
  • Laws and regulations guide drinking water quality. Systems must adhere to standards for public health protection.
  • Water sources can be affected by different contaminations, including naturally occurring, industrial, municipal and agricultural.

Occupational Health

  • Occupational health emphasizes the well-being of workers. Occupational diseases result from exposure to hazards in the workplace.
  • Common occupational illnesses affected by hazards like loud noises, toxic chemicals, repetitive motions, and radiation exposure.
  • Legal regulations like OSHA and NIOSH play vital roles in establishing workplace safety standards.

Waste Management Laws

  • Laws like the Solid Waste Disposal Act are designed to assist states and public health professionals to ensure proper management of waste and to guide proper disposal.

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Environmental Justice PDF

Description

This quiz explores the principles of environmental justice, focusing on fair treatment and equality in environmental laws and policies. It discusses the nuances between equity and equality, and highlights historical examples and issues of environmental racism. Test your knowledge on the injustices faced by marginalized communities in relation to environmental decision-making.

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