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Questions and Answers
What tree species has contributed to lowering the water table in Kolar district?
What tree species has contributed to lowering the water table in Kolar district?
Which Middle Eastern country is expected to face a severe water crisis due to population growth?
Which Middle Eastern country is expected to face a severe water crisis due to population growth?
What major water conflict involves the Jordan River?
What major water conflict involves the Jordan River?
What consequence did the dams and barrages built on the Indus River have?
What consequence did the dams and barrages built on the Indus River have?
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What was the main outcome of the Indus Water Treaty established in 1960?
What was the main outcome of the Indus Water Treaty established in 1960?
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Which country is attempting to secure a water superpower status in the Middle East?
Which country is attempting to secure a water superpower status in the Middle East?
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What is a common impact of conflicts over water resources?
What is a common impact of conflicts over water resources?
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Which factor is a primary reason behind the water conflicts in the Middle East?
Which factor is a primary reason behind the water conflicts in the Middle East?
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Which metal is primarily used in the production of heavy machinery and steel?
Which metal is primarily used in the production of heavy machinery and steel?
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What is a major use of manganese?
What is a major use of manganese?
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Which of the following metals is commonly associated with electronic goods?
Which of the following metals is commonly associated with electronic goods?
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Where are major reserves of platinum primarily found?
Where are major reserves of platinum primarily found?
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What is the primary use of copper?
What is the primary use of copper?
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Which mineral is widely used in agriculture for neutralizing acid soils?
Which mineral is widely used in agriculture for neutralizing acid soils?
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What is a major use of gypsum?
What is a major use of gypsum?
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Lead is primarily used in which of the following applications?
Lead is primarily used in which of the following applications?
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What is a primary consequence of waterlogging in croplands?
What is a primary consequence of waterlogging in croplands?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended remedial measure to prevent waterlogging?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended remedial measure to prevent waterlogging?
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What characterizes saline soils?
What characterizes saline soils?
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Which two regions in India are mentioned as having extensive areas affected by waterlogging?
Which two regions in India are mentioned as having extensive areas affected by waterlogging?
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What is a major cause of soil salinization?
What is a major cause of soil salinization?
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Which type of soil has an exchangeable sodium percentage greater than 15%?
Which type of soil has an exchangeable sodium percentage greater than 15%?
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What effect does salinity generally have on plants?
What effect does salinity generally have on plants?
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How does the water from irrigation sources typically differ from rainwater in terms of composition?
How does the water from irrigation sources typically differ from rainwater in terms of composition?
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What is a major consequence of the Narmada valley project regarding wildlife species?
What is a major consequence of the Narmada valley project regarding wildlife species?
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How many people are estimated to be displaced due to the Narmada valley project?
How many people are estimated to be displaced due to the Narmada valley project?
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What aspect of tribal life is primarily affected by their displacement?
What aspect of tribal life is primarily affected by their displacement?
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What is noted as a unique characteristic of water?
What is noted as a unique characteristic of water?
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What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
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How does water affect temperature changes in aquatic life?
How does water affect temperature changes in aquatic life?
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What effect does the high latent heat of vaporization of water have?
What effect does the high latent heat of vaporization of water have?
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What role does water play in nutrient transport in living organisms?
What role does water play in nutrient transport in living organisms?
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What is one major consequence of severe floods in Bangladesh?
What is one major consequence of severe floods in Bangladesh?
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What are anthropogenic causes contributing to drought in arid regions?
What are anthropogenic causes contributing to drought in arid regions?
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Which crop has been specifically mentioned as contributing to prolonged drought conditions in Maharashtra?
Which crop has been specifically mentioned as contributing to prolonged drought conditions in Maharashtra?
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What is a suggested remedial measure for dealing with drought and desertification?
What is a suggested remedial measure for dealing with drought and desertification?
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Which of the following events resulted in significant loss of life in the floods of Bangladesh?
Which of the following events resulted in significant loss of life in the floods of Bangladesh?
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What is one effect of desertification that has been observed in India over the last twenty years?
What is one effect of desertification that has been observed in India over the last twenty years?
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Which of the following describes the common environmental phenomenon related to excess water in low-lying regions?
Which of the following describes the common environmental phenomenon related to excess water in low-lying regions?
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What has been proposed at the national level to address flood problems in India?
What has been proposed at the national level to address flood problems in India?
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Study Notes
Wildlife Protection and Displacement
- Many species are listed in Schedule I & II of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, highlighting their endangered status.
- The Narmada valley project is anticipated to displace over one million people, marking one of the largest rehabilitation challenges acknowledged by the World Bank.
- Displacement of tribal communities leads to economic deprivation and a threat to their cultural heritage, including beliefs, rituals, and traditions closely linked to their environment.
- Tribals, predominantly from unprivileged scheduled castes and tribes, have lived in these areas for generations, creating complex socio-economic upheavals post-displacement.
Water Resources
- Water covers approximately 97% of the Earth's surface, with most organisms containing 60-65% water by composition.
- Unique properties of water: exists as a liquid from 0° to 100°C, has high specific heat, high latent heat of vaporization, and acts as an excellent nutrient solvent.
- Factors contributing to floods include deforestation, overgrazing, industrialization, and global warming, with devastating flood events recorded in India and Bangladesh (e.g., floods in 1970, 1988, and 1991).
- Bangladesh utilizes moderate flooding for agriculture, but severe floods lead to catastrophic losses, including one million deaths in 1970 and 140,000 in 1991.
- Proposals for national-level river networking aim to mitigate flooding issues.
Drought Management
- Approximately 80 countries experience frequent droughts, often exacerbated by high population growth and poor land practices.
- Anthropogenic activities like overgrazing and deforestation contribute to desertification, worsening drought conditions.
- India has faced increasing desertification, notably in Maharashtra, due to high water demand crops like sugarcane.
- Strategies to combat drought include mixed cropping to optimize production and social forestry initiatives, although improper implementation can lead to adverse effects.
Water Conflicts
- Water scarcity due to uneven distribution often results in conflicts at both national and international levels.
- Middle East conflict arises over shared water resources (Jordan, Tigris-Euphrates, and Nile), with countries vying for control affecting agriculture and population sustainability.
- Notable tension exists over the Nile, where Ethiopia’s planned upstream projects threaten Egypt's water supply, crucial to its arid landscape.
- The Indus Water Treaty (1960) allocates river rights between India and Pakistan, yet ongoing damming poses risks to the Indus delta's health.
Major Metal Reserves and Applications
- Aluminium: Reserves in Australia and Guinea; used in packaging, transportation, and electronics.
- Copper: Held primarily by Chile, USA, and Canada; crucial for electrical and construction uses.
- Iron: Vast reserves in the CIS and South America; essential for heavy machinery and steel production.
- Platinum and Gold: Significant reserves in South Africa; used in electronics, automotive, and medical applications.
Soil and Water Management Issues
- Waterlogging from excessive irrigation leads to soil saturation, depriving roots of air and reducing crop yields, prevalent in Punjab and Haryana.
- Salinity affects one-third of the world's cultivable land, with significant areas in India suffering from salt accumulation due to poor irrigation practices.
- Saline and sodic soils pose long-term agricultural challenges, necessitating careful water management strategies to ensure sustainable crop production.
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Description
Explore the ecological consequences of the Narmada Valley Project, particularly its effects on wildlife species listed in the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. This quiz delves into the displacement of communities and environmental concerns raised by this massive development initiative.
