Environmental Health Science
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of medicine?

  • To understand health threats
  • To cure (correct)
  • To evaluate interventions
  • To prevent disease and disability
  • What percentage of the nation's total health spending is devoted to public health?

  • Less than 3% (correct)
  • Less than 1%
  • More than 10%
  • More than 5%
  • How many years have been added to the life expectancy of Americans over the 20th century?

  • 30 years (correct)
  • 25 years
  • 20 years
  • 35 years
  • What is the focus of epidemiology?

    <p>Human populations, usually starting with an outbreak of disease in a community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of statistics in public health?

    <p>To calculate risks and benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is environmental health science concerned with?

    <p>The impact of environmental factors on human health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of biomedical sciences in public health?

    <p>The control of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are public health initiatives typically funded?

    <p>Through taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of biomedical research in the context of disease control?

    <p>Identifying genetic factors that contribute to chronic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major component of public health that has contributed significantly to health improvements in the 20th century?

    <p>Environmental health science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern in environmental health, with thousands of new chemicals entering the environment every year?

    <p>Lack of knowledge about the effects of new chemicals on human health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the social and behavioral sciences, what is a major factor that affects people's health?

    <p>Social environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of primary prevention in public health?

    <p>Preventing an illness or injury from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge in the US healthcare system, according to health policy and management?

    <p>High cost of medical care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the public health approach?

    <p>Defining the health problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate infant mortality rate in England and Wales during the 19th century?

    <p>Two or three of every 10 newborn infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major health disparity in the US, according to social and behavioral sciences?

    <p>Lower life expectancy for blacks compared to whites, even when incomes are similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to C.E.A. Winslow, what is the primary goal of public health?

    <p>To promote physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health, according to the Institute of Medicine's 1988 publication?

    <p>Community health and disease prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a core function of public health?

    <p>Policy development and assurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between public health and medical care?

    <p>Public health focuses on communities, while medical care focuses on individual patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of public health assessment?

    <p>To diagnose the health of the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of public health treatment?

    <p>Community health and wellness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of public health education?

    <p>Personal hygiene and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Environmental Health Science

    • A classic component of public health, responsible for much of the public health improvement in the US in the 20th century
    • Environmental factors affecting health:
      • Air quality
      • Water quality
      • Solid and hazardous wastes
      • Safe food and drugs
      • Global environmental issues
    • Thousands of new chemicals enter the environment every year, with little known about their effects on human health

    Social and Behavioral Sciences

    • Behavioral factors are now the leading concern for people's health
    • Theory of health behavior: social environment affects people's behavior
    • Major health threats:
      • Tobacco
      • Poor diet
      • Physical inactivity
      • Injuries
    • Disparities in health: Blacks have a lower overall life expectancy than whites, even with similar incomes

    Health Policy and Management

    • Examines the role of medical care in public health
    • Issues in the US:
      • High cost of medical care
      • High percentage of population without health insurance
      • Lack of access to medical care for the uninsured
      • Questionable quality of medical care
    • Medical care has diverted profits from education, housing, and the environment

    Public Health Approach

    • Primary prevention: prevents an illness or injury from occurring
    • Secondary prevention: minimizes the severity of the disease or injury once it has occurred
    • Tertiary prevention: minimizes disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation services
    • Focus of public health: prevention of disease and disability, not just curing illness

    Public Health: Science and Politics

    • Science: understanding health threats, determining interventions, and evaluating their effectiveness
    • Politics: making decisions about policies to implement
    • Public health initiatives are funded by taxes

    Public Health Disciplines

    • Epidemiology
    • Statistics
    • Biomedical Sciences
    • Environmental Health Science
    • Social and Behavioral Sciences
    • Health Policy and Management

    Epidemiology

    • The basic science of public health
    • Studies epidemics, focusing on human populations and seeking common exposures and causes
    • Epidemiologists work in local public health departments

    Statistics

    • Governments collect health data on populations, which are used as diagnostic tools for the community's health
    • Statistical analysis is essential in epidemiological and clinical studies

    Biomedical Sciences

    • A major portion of human disease is caused by microorganisms
    • Control of infectious diseases was a major public health focus in the 19th and early 20th centuries

    Public Health History

    • 19th century recording keeping began in England and Wales
    • Death rates were high among children, with 2-3 of 10 newborns not reaching their first birthday
    • Public health has improved significantly since the early 19th century

    Definition of Public Health

    • C.E.A Winslow (1920): "the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts"
    • Institute of Medicine (1988): "fulfillment of society's interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy"

    Core Functions of Public Health

    • Assessment: the diagnostic function of public health
    • Policy development: using scientific knowledge to develop strategies to improve community health
    • Assurance: ensuring access to services needed to protect the community
    • The community is the patient in public health, not the individual

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    Description

    This quiz covers the importance of environmental health science in public health, including the impact of environmental factors on health and disease prevention.

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