Environmental Factors' Effects on Human Body

Environmental Factors and Health

• Decreased life expectancy, increased mortality, carcinogenic effect, and toxic effect are some of the effects of environmental factors on the body.
• Non-specific effects of environmental factors on the body include carcinogenic effect, allergenic effect, increase in overall morbidity, duration of diseases, frequency of diseases, mutagenic effect, and decrease in functional indicators of organs and body systems.

Physical Environmental Factors

• Physical environmental factors include electrical state of the atmosphere, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, image, bacteria, viruses, solar radiation, and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

Biological Environmental Factors

• Biological environmental factors include bacteria, viruses, air movement, electrical state of the atmosphere, O2, CO2, N, and inert gases.

Measurement of Environmental Factors

• Devices used for recording barometric pressure include anemometer, catathermometer, barograph, and thermograph.
• Relative air humidity is the ratio of absolute to maximum air humidity, expressed as a percentage.
• Devices used for recording air temperature include thermal chamber, thermograph, barograph, and hygrograph.

Electrical State of the Atmosphere

• The electrical state of the atmosphere is due to air ionization, atmospheric electric field, and the presence of lightning discharges.
• Negative light air ions have a tonic effect and improve metabolism.

Infrared Radiation

• Positive effects of infrared radiation include bactericidal, antirachitic, and erythema-tan.

Environmental Diseases

• Environmental diseases include intestinal infections, Gaff disease, helminthic infestations, and Minamata disease.
• Increased cadmium content in the environment results in "Itai-itai" diseases.

Ionizing Radiation

• Primary mechanism of the damaging effect of ionizing radiation on the body includes germ cell mutation, increased permeability of cell membranes, inhibition of the synthesis of essential amino acids, and formation of molecular ions in tissues.

Water Pollution

• Indicators of fecal water pollution include ammonium salts, nitrites, oxidability, and Coli.
• Indicators of fresh organic water pollution include chlorides, sulfates, ammonium salts, nitrites, oxidability, and nitrates.
• Indicators of old organic water pollution include ammonium salts, nitrates, chlorides, and oxidability.
• Fluoride concentrations in water leading to the development of caries include more than 3 mg/l, and leading to the development of fluorosis include more than 1.5 mg/l.

Soil Pollution

• Indicators of fresh fecal soil pollution include sanitary number, number of helminth eggs in 1 kg of soil, presence of E.Coli, and presence of B.Perfringens.
• Indicators of long-term (fecal) soil pollution include presence of E.Coli, number of helminth eggs in 1 kg of soil, sanitary number, and presence of B.Perfringens.

Waste Disposal

• The most rational way to dispose of waste includes composting fields, incineration, plowing fields, and waste disposal plants.
• Used for cleaning liquid waste in the sewer system includes sewage disposal fields, aeration tanks, biothermal chambers, and plowing fields.

Nutrition and Health

• Daily calorie requirement for a person of working age includes 20-30% for breakfast, 40-45% for lunch, 10-20% for afternoon snack, and 30-35% for dinner.
• Daily fat requirement for a person of working age includes 60-154 g.
• Daily need for carbohydrates in a person of working age includes 257-586 g.
• Optimum ratio of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the diet includes 1:1:4.
• Products that are sources of glycogen include milk, liver, beans, and bread.
• Products that are sources of fiber include raw vegetables, milk, meat, and fish.
• Products that are sources of starch include milk, meat, potato, and fish.
• Products that are sources of lactose include milk, meat, beet, and fish.

Vitamins and Minerals

• Mineral element – the main structural component of the bone system includes calcium.
• Mineral element participating in blood formation includes iron.
• Products that are the main suppliers of calcium include dairy, meat, cereals, and vegetables.
• Vitamin that regulates calcium and phosphorus exchange includes vitamin D.
• Vitamin that ensures the work of the visual analyzer includes vitamin A.
• Major sources of vitamin D include seafood, meat, green leafy vegetables, and apples.

Helminthiasis

• Helminthiasis associated with fish consumption includes opisthorchiasis.
• Helminthiasis associated with vegetable consumption includes ascariasis.

Radiation and Nutrition

• Therapeutic and preventive nutrition ration for workers with radionuclides and ionizing radiation is enriched with sulfur-containing amino acids, table salt, calcium, and strontium.